{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:00:17Z","timestamp":1790830817836,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Inje Universicy, Busan Paik Hospital","award":["2019 Inje University Busan Paik Hospital research grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019 Inje University Busan Paik Hospital research grant"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease in which skin barrier dysfunction leads to dryness, pruritus, and erythematous lesions. AD is triggered by immune imbalance and oxidative stress. Echinochrome A (Ech A), a natural pigment isolated from sea urchins, exerts antioxidant and beneficial effects in various inflammatory disease models. In the present study, we tested whether Ech A treatment alleviated AD-like skin lesions. We examined the anti-inflammatory effect of Ech A on 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD-like lesions in an NC\/Nga mouse model. AD-like skin symptoms were induced by treatment with 1% DNCB for 1 week and 0.4% DNCB for 5 weeks in NC\/Nga mice. The results showed that Ech A alleviated AD clinical symptoms, such as edema, erythema, and dryness. Treatment with Ech A induced the recovery of epidermis skin lesions as observed histologically. Tewameter\u00ae and Corneometer\u00ae measurements indicated that Ech A treatment reduced transepidermal water loss and improved stratum corneum hydration, respectively. Ech A treatment also inhibited inflammatory-response-induced mast cell infiltration in AD-like skin lesions and suppressed the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interferon-\u03b3, interleukin-4, and interleukin-13. Collectively, these results suggest that Ech A may be beneficial for treating AD owing to its anti-inflammatory effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md19110622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T22:22:24Z","timestamp":1635805344000},"page":"622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Echinochrome A Treatment Alleviates Atopic Dermatitis-like Skin Lesions in NC\/Nga Mice via IL-4 and IL-13 Suppression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Hyeong Rok","family":"Yun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Smart Marine Therapeutic Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Woo","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bomin","family":"Seol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Smart Marine Therapeutic Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7526-026X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena A.","family":"Vasileva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7616-574X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia P.","family":"Mishchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4199-2099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergey A.","family":"Fedoreyev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentin A.","family":"Stonik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1859-3425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Smart Marine Therapeutic Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung Soo","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Smart Marine Therapeutic Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byoung Doo","family":"Rhee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Smart Marine Therapeutic Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung Eun","family":"Seol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Smart Marine Therapeutic Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyoung Kyu","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Smart Marine Therapeutic Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.133","article-title":"Epidermal barrier dysfunction in atopic dermatitis","volume":"129","author":"Cork","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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