{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T16:39:47Z","timestamp":1792427987241,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]],"date-time":"2021-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: The mussel (Mytilus edulis, Mytilus galloprovincialis) is the most widespread lamellibranch mollusk, being fished on all coasts of the European seas. Mussels are also widely grown in Japan, China, and Spain, especially for food purposes. This paper shows an original technique for mussel shell processing for preparation of calcium salts, such as calcium levulinate. This process involves synthesis of calcium levulinate by treatment of Mytilus galloprovincialis shells with levulinic acid. The advantage of mussel shell utilization results in more straightforward qualitative composition. Thus, the weight of the mineral component lies with calcium carbonate, which can be used for extraction of pharmaceutical preparations. (2) Methods: Shell powder was first deproteinized by calcination, then the mineral part was treated with levulinic acid. The problem of shells generally resulting from the industrialization of marine molluscs creates enough shortcomings, if one only mentions storage and handling. One of the solutions proposed by us is the capitalization of calcium from shells in the pharmaceutical industry. (3) Results: The toxicity of calcium levulinate synthesized from the mussel shells was evaluated by the method known in the scientific literature as the Constantinescu phytobiological method (using wheat kernels, Triticum vulgare Mill). Acute toxicity of calcium levulinate was evaluated; the experiments showed the low toxicity of calcium levulinate. (4) Conclusion: The experimental results highlighted calcium as the predominant element in the composition of mussel shells, which strengthens the argument of capitalizing the shells as an important natural source of calcium.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md20010025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]],"date-time":"2021-12-24T08:38:46Z","timestamp":1640335126000},"page":"25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Mussel Shells, a Valuable Calcium Resource for the Pharmaceutical Industry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Mititelu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Food Hygiene Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia Street, 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2523-647X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Stanciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ovidius University of Constanta, 124 Mamaia Blvd., 900527 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doina","family":"Dr\u0103g\u0103nescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical and Computer Physics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia Street, 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Corina","family":"Ioni\u021b\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Food Hygiene Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia Street, 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sorinel Marius","family":"Neac\u0219u","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Proffesional Farma Line, 116 Republicii Street, 105200 Baicoi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Dinu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Botany and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia Street, 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8244-2483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raluca-Ioana","family":"Stefan-van Staden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Splaiul Independentei Street, 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Moro\u0219an","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Food Hygiene Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia Street, 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.07.050","article-title":"The emerging farmed fish species meagre (Argyrosomus regius): How culinary treatment affects nutrients and contaminants concentration and associated benefit-risk balance","volume":"60","author":"Costa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem. 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