{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:28:10Z","timestamp":1790810890288,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]],"date-time":"2022-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The history of saline nasal irrigation (SNI) is indeed a long one, beginning from the ancient Ayurvedic practices and gaining a foothold in the west at the beginning of the 20th century. Today, there is a growing number of papers covering the effects of SNI, from in vitro studies to randomized clinical trials and literature overviews. Based on the recommendations of most of the European and American professional associations, seawater, alone or in combination with other preparations, has its place in the treatment of numerous conditions of the upper respiratory tract (URT), primarily chronic (rhino)sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, acute URT infections and postoperative recovery. Additionally, taking into account its multiple mechanisms of action and mounting evidence from recent studies, locally applied seawater preparations may have an important role in the prevention of viral and bacterial infections of the URT. In this review we discuss results published in the past years focusing on seawater preparations and their use in clinical and everyday conditions, since such products provide the benefits of additional ions vs. saline, have an excellent safety profile and are recommended by most professional associations in the field of otorhinolaryngology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md20050330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T03:20:43Z","timestamp":1652844043000},"page":"330","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The Role of Seawater and Saline Solutions in Treatment of Upper Respiratory Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3135-8307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danijela","family":"\u0160tanfel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jadran-Galenski Laboratorij d.d., Svilno 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Livije","family":"Kalogjera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Sisters of Mercy University Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergej V.","family":"Ryazantsev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National State Research Institute of Ear, Throat, Nose and Speech, 190013 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Hla\u010da","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jadran-Galenski Laboratorij d.d., Svilno 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4613-922X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena Y.","family":"Radtsig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morozov Children\u2019s City Clinical Hospital, Russian National State Pirogov Medical University, 117437 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashidov","family":"Teimuraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Center of Traumatology and Ortopedics, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Karaganda State Polyclinic, 100000 Karaganda, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pero","family":"Hraba\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cAndrija \u0160tampar\u201d School of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2018.06.006","article-title":"A Review on the Therapeutic Effects of NetiKriya with Special Reference to JalaNeti","volume":"11","author":"Meera","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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