{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T01:14:57Z","timestamp":1784682897606,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["108-2320-B-037-022-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108-2320-B-037-022-MY3"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["109-2927-I-037-502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2927-I-037-502"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["106-2811-B-037-025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106-2811-B-037-025"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["110-2811-B-037-518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2811-B-037-518"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["KMU-TC108A0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMU-TC108A0"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["KMU-TC108A03-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMU-TC108A03-11"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["KMU-TC108A03-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMU-TC108A03-4"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["KMU-TC111A03-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMU-TC111A03-3"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Research Center, Taiwan","award":["108-2320-B-037-022-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108-2320-B-037-022-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Research Center, Taiwan","award":["109-2927-I-037-502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2927-I-037-502"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Research Center, Taiwan","award":["106-2811-B-037-025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106-2811-B-037-025"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Research Center, Taiwan","award":["110-2811-B-037-518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2811-B-037-518"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Research Center, Taiwan","award":["KMU-TC108A0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMU-TC108A0"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Research Center, Taiwan","award":["KMU-TC108A03-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMU-TC108A03-11"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Research Center, Taiwan","award":["KMU-TC108A03-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMU-TC108A03-4"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Research Center, Taiwan","award":["KMU-TC111A03-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMU-TC111A03-3"]}]},{"name":"the Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan","award":["108-2320-B-037-022-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108-2320-B-037-022-MY3"]}]},{"name":"the Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan","award":["109-2927-I-037-502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2927-I-037-502"]}]},{"name":"the Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan","award":["106-2811-B-037-025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106-2811-B-037-025"]}]},{"name":"the Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan","award":["110-2811-B-037-518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2811-B-037-518"]}]},{"name":"the Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan","award":["KMU-TC108A0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMU-TC108A0"]}]},{"name":"the Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan","award":["KMU-TC108A03-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMU-TC108A03-11"]}]},{"name":"the Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan","award":["KMU-TC108A03-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMU-TC108A03-4"]}]},{"name":"the Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan","award":["KMU-TC111A03-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMU-TC111A03-3"]}]},{"name":"the Center for Research Resources and Development (CRRD)","award":["108-2320-B-037-022-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108-2320-B-037-022-MY3"]}]},{"name":"the Center for Research Resources and Development (CRRD)","award":["109-2927-I-037-502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2927-I-037-502"]}]},{"name":"the Center for Research Resources and Development (CRRD)","award":["106-2811-B-037-025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106-2811-B-037-025"]}]},{"name":"the Center for Research Resources and Development (CRRD)","award":["110-2811-B-037-518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2811-B-037-518"]}]},{"name":"the Center for Research Resources and Development (CRRD)","award":["KMU-TC108A0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMU-TC108A0"]}]},{"name":"the Center for Research Resources and Development (CRRD)","award":["KMU-TC108A03-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMU-TC108A03-11"]}]},{"name":"the Center for Research Resources and Development (CRRD)","award":["KMU-TC108A03-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMU-TC108A03-4"]}]},{"name":"the Center for Research Resources and Development (CRRD)","award":["KMU-TC111A03-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMU-TC111A03-3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Culex pipiens mosquitoes are vectors to many viruses and can transmit diseases such as filariasis and avian malaria. The present study evaluated the larvicidal activity of marine-derived endophytic fungi Aspergillus nomius and Aspergillus flavus from the soft coral Sarcophyton ehrenbergi along with two known cyclodepsipeptide compounds, scopularide A (1) and B (2), isolated from A. flavus extract, against third-instar larvae of C. pipiens, using distilled water as a negative control and toosenedanin as a positive control. The structures of the isolated compounds were confirmed by various spectroscopic analyses. The lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) were calculated by probit analysis. Scopularide A was the most potent after 96 h treatment, with LC50 and LC90 values of 58.96 and 994.31 ppm, respectively, and with 82.66% mortality at a concentration of 300 ppm. To unravel the biochemical mechanism of the tested extracts and compounds, their effects against protease, chitinase, phenoloxidases and lipase enzymes from the whole-body tissue of C. pipiens were evaluated after 72 h treatment at LC50 dose. Superior activity was observed for A. flavus extract against all tested enzymes. A molecular docking study was conducted for scopularide A and B on the four tested enzymes, to further verify the observed activity. Results revealed good binding affinities for both compounds as compared to the docked ligands, mainly via a number of hydrogen bonds. This was the first study to report the isolation of endophytic fungi A. flavus and A. nomius from the marine soft coral S. ehrenbergi. The endophytic fungal extract of A. flavus was found to be a promising source for a natural larvicidal agent against C. pipiens populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md20050331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T11:59:37Z","timestamp":1652875177000},"page":"331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Cyclodepsipeptides: Isolation from Endophytic Fungi of Sarcophyton ehrenbergi and Verification of Their Larvicidal Activity via In-Vitro and In-Silico Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7445-963X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdel Nasser B.","family":"Singab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt"},{"name":"Center of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain-Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1602-2725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nada M.","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4542-6107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasmin A.","family":"Elkhawas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo 11835, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman","family":"Al-Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mokhtar M.","family":"Bishr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Mepaco Co., Sharkeiya 11361, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1584-7653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Elissawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt"},{"name":"Center of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain-Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1967-6046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed S.","family":"Elnaggar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iten M.","family":"Fawzy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo 11566, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osama M.","family":"Salama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo 11835, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4674-3363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Hong","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, Collage of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Pingtung County 90741, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2549-4193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fang-Rong","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yaseen, M., Kausar, T., Praween, B., Shah, S.J., Jan, Y., Shekhawat, S.S., Malik, M., and Azaz Ahmad Azad, Z. (2019). Insect pest infestation during storage of cereal grains, pulses and oilseeds. Health and Safety Aspects of Food Processing Technologies, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-24903-8_8"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-020-01294-y","article-title":"Ecological pest control fortifies agricultural growth in Asia\u2013Pacific economies","volume":"4","author":"Wyckhuys","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narayanankutty, A., Kuttithodi, A.M., Alfarhan, A., Rajagopal, R., and Barcelo, D. (2021). Chemical Composition, Insecticidal and Mosquito Larvicidal Activities of Allspice (Pimenta dioica) Essential Oil. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26216698"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"WHO (2005). Guidelines for Laboratory and Field Testing of mosquito Larvicides, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brady, O.J., Gething, P.W., Bhatt, S., Messina, J.P., Brownstein, J.S., Hoen, A.G., Moyes, C.L., Farlow, A.W., Scott, T.W., and Hay, S.I. (2012). Refining the global spatial limits of dengue virus transmission by evidence-based consensus. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001760"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3923\/je.2012.183.186","article-title":"Predation Capacity of Culiseta longiareolata Mosquito Larvae against Some Mosquitoes Species Larvae","volume":"9","author":"Shaalan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4001\/003.020.0102","article-title":"Larvicidal activity of selected plant extracts against Aedes albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"20","author":"Bilal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27051459","article-title":"Production of Bioactive Compounds with Broad Spectrum Bactericidal Action, Bio-Film Inhibition and Antilarval Potential by the Secondary Metabolites of the Endophytic Fungus Cochliobolus sp. APS1 Isolated from the Indian Medicinal Herb Andrographis paniculata","volume":"27","author":"Santra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111718","article-title":"Mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) rhizome essential oils as source of environmental friendly biocides: Comparison of the chemical composition, antibacterial, insecticidal and larvicidal properties of essential oils extracted by different methods","volume":"202","author":"Narayanankutty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antonelli, F., Bartolini, M., Plissonnier, M.-L., Esposito, A., Galotta, G., Ricci, S., Davidde Petriaggi, B., Pedone, C., Di Giovanni, A., and Piazza, S. (2020). Essential Oils as Alternative Biocides for the Preservation of Waterlogged Archaeological Wood. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8122015"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4694","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867328999201123194510","article-title":"The Role of Plant-Derived Compounds in Managing Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of Literature from 2014 to 2019","volume":"28","author":"Mostafa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6267","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO01532A","article-title":"Metabolic profiling of a polyphenolic-rich fraction of Coccinia grandis leaves using LC-ESI-MS\/MS and in vivo validation of its antimicrobial and wound healing activities","volume":"10","author":"Mostafa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"UPLC-ESI-MS\/MS profiling and hepatoprotective activities of Stevia leaves extract, butanol fraction and stevioside against radiation-induced toxicity in rats","volume":"1\u20137","author":"Abdallah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2019.1667877","article-title":"GC\/MS Analysis and Molecular Profiling of Lemon Volatile Oil against Breast Cancer","volume":"22","author":"Ashmawy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elkhawas, Y.A., Elissawy, A.M., Elnaggar, M.S., Mostafa, N.M., Kamal, E.M., Bishr, M.M., Singab, A.B., and Salama, O.M. (2020). Chemical Diversity in Species Belonging to Soft Coral Genus Sacrophyton and Its Impact on Biological Activity: A Review. Mar. Drugs, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/md18010041"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222-1808(13)60040-7","article-title":"Mosquito larvicidal activity of seaweeds extracts against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus","volume":"3","author":"Ali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-009-9536-8","article-title":"Isothermal DNA amplification facilitates the identification of a broad spectrum of bacteria, fungi and pro-tozoa in Eleutherococcus sp. plant tissue cultures","volume":"98","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2715","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2019.1585846","article-title":"Pulchranin A: First report of isolation from an endophytic fungus and its inhibitory activity on cyclin dependent kinases","volume":"34","author":"Moussa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32833c1d16","article-title":"Dengue and chikungunya infections in travelers","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-008-9382-9","article-title":"Investigation of the antifouling constituents from the brown alga Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt","volume":"21","author":"Bazes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytol.2018.10.014","article-title":"New Secondary Metabolites from the Mangrove-Derived Fungus Aspergillus sp. AV-2","volume":"29","author":"Elissawy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytochem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytol.2017.05.008","article-title":"Spiroarthrinols A and B, Two Novel Meroterpenoids Isolated from the Sponge- Derived Fungus Arthrinium sp","volume":"20","author":"Elissawy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytochem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"4","article-title":"Endophytic fungi as biocontrol agents of Theobroma cacao pathogens","volume":"4","author":"Rojas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Control"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1007\/s42250-020-00162-3","article-title":"In-silico Molecular Docking and ADME\/Pharmacokinetic Prediction Studies of Some Novel Carboxamide Derivatives as Anti-tubercular Agents","volume":"3","author":"Mustapha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Afr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mostafa, N.M., Mostafa, A.M., Ashour, M.L., and Elhady, S.S. (2021). Neuroprotective Effects of Black Pepper Cold-Pressed Oil on Scopolamine-Induced Oxidative Stress and Memory Impairment in Rats. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10121993"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Younis, M.M., Ayoub, I.M., Mostafa, N.M., El Hassab, M.A., Eldehna, W.M., Al-Rashood, S.T., and Eldahshan, O.A. (2022). GC\/MS Profiling, Anti-Collagenase, Anti-Elastase, Anti-Tyrosinase and Anti-Hyaluronidase Activities of a Stenocarpus sinuatus Leaves Extract. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11070918"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1089","article-title":"Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Potential Inhibitory Activities of Some Natural Antiviral Compounds Via Molecular Docking and Dynamics Approaches","volume":"91","author":"Mostafa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phyton Int. J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Dent, S. (2006). Purity and Identification of Solids Using Melting Points, Portland State University."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1021\/np070580e","article-title":"Scopularides A and B, Cyclodepsipeptides from a Marine Sponge-Derived Fungus, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis","volume":"71","author":"Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(79)90005-1","article-title":"The Rift Valley fever epizootic in Egypt 1977-78. 2. Ecological and entomological studies","volume":"73","author":"Hoogstraal","year":"1979","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Thangam, T.S., and Kathiresan, K. (1996, January 7\u201310). Marine Plants for Mosquito Control. In Proceeding of the Second International Conference on Urban Pests, Edinburgh, Scotland."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"81","article-title":"Toxicity of spinosadas a novel bioinsecicids against larval instars of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"28","author":"Bahgat","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull. Entomol. Soc. Egypt"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"378","article-title":"Light induced effects of latex of Excoecaria agallocha L. on salt marsh mosquito Culex sitiens","volume":"29","author":"Kathiresan","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1000165","article-title":"Potential use of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) endophytic fungi as seed treatment agents against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita","volume":"12","author":"Yan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suteu, D., Rusu, L., Zaharia, C., Badeanu, M., and Daraban, G.M. (2020). Challenge of Utilization Vegetal Extracts as Natural Plant Protection Products. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10248913"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elhawary, E.A., Mostafa, N.M., Labib, R.M., and Singab, A.N. (2021). Metabolomic Profiles of Essential Oils from Selected Rosa Varieties and Their Antimicrobial Activities. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10081721"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5369","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2020.1765343","article-title":"Chemical composition, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of essential oils from Schinus polygamus (Cav.) cabrera leaf and bark grown in Egypt","volume":"35","author":"Mostafa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2010.10643827","article-title":"Volatile Constituents of Leaves of Ficus carica Linn. Grown in Egypt","volume":"13","author":"Ayoub","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.25135\/rnp.47.17.10.062","article-title":"\u03b2-amyrin rich Bombax ceiba leaf extract with potential neuroprotective activity against scopolamine-induced memory impairment in rats","volume":"12","author":"Mostafa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rec. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2009.233","article-title":"Methods for isolation of marine-derived endophytic fungi and their bioactive secondary products","volume":"5","author":"Kjer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30640","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA04941B","article-title":"Hydroquinone derivatives from the marine-derived fungus Gliomastix sp","volume":"7","author":"Elnaggar","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tet.2016.03.073","article-title":"Xanthones and sesquiterpene derivatives from a marine-derived fungus Scopulariopsis sp","volume":"72","author":"Elnaggar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2020.1864365","article-title":"A new antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory biflavonoid from Schinus polygama (Cav.) Cabrera leaves","volume":"36","author":"Mostafa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mostafa, N.M., Edmond, M.P., El-Shazly, M., Fahmy, H.A., Sherif, N.H., and Singab, A.N.B. (Nat. Prod. Res., 2021). Phytoconstituents and renoprotective effect of Polyalthia longifolia leaves extract on radiation-induced nephritis in rats via TGF-\u03b2\/smad pathway, Nat. Prod. Res., Online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2021.1961252"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Zahar, H., Menze, E.T., Handoussa, H., Osman, A.K., El-Shazly, M., Mostafa, N.M., and Swilam, N. (2022). UPLC-PDA-MS\/MS Profiling and Healing Activity of Polyphenol-Rich Fraction of Alhagi maurorum against Oral Ulcer in Rats. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11030455"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2008.02.015","article-title":"Structure-based dissection of the natural product cyclopentapeptide chitinase inhibitor argifin","volume":"15","author":"Andersen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.2002.02786.x","article-title":"Binding of Thermomyces (Humicola) lanuginosa lipase to the mixed micelles of cis-parinaric acid\/NaTDC: Fluorescence resonance energy transfer and crystallographic study","volume":"269","author":"Yapoudjian","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(02)01153-1","article-title":"Navigation inside a protease: Substrate selection and product exit in the tricorn protease from Thermoplasma acidophilum","volume":"324","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1343","article-title":"Heptabladed \u03b2-propeller lectins PLL2 and PHL from Photorhabdus spp. recognize O-methylated sugars and influence the host immune system","volume":"288","author":"Houser","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Amin, T.R. (1998). Biochemical and Physiological Studies of Some Insect Growth Regulators on the Cotton Leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). [Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Science, Cairo University,]."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of proteins utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(81)90083-7","article-title":"Biochemistry of insect differentiation: A system for studying the mechanism of chitinase activity in vitro","volume":"206","author":"Bade","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"484","article-title":"Dietary TH- 6040 alters composition and enzyme activity of housefly larval cuticle, pestic","volume":"4","author":"Ishaaya","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(61)90032-4","article-title":"An investigation of chitinase activity in cockroach and termite extracts","volume":"6","author":"Waterhouse","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"235","article-title":"A modified colourimetric method for assay of lipase activity","volume":"7","author":"Tahoun","year":"1986","journal-title":"Alex. Sci. Exch. J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00329096","article-title":"Biochemical and physiological studies of certain Ticks (Ixodoidea)","volume":"39","author":"Tatchell","year":"1972","journal-title":"Z. F\u00fcr Parasitenkd."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(66)90057-1","article-title":"An improved colorimetric determination of amino acids with the use of ninhydrin","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"1966","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"935","article-title":"In the armored scale Aonidiella aurantii and Observation on the phenoloxidase system Chrysomphalus aonidum","volume":"39","author":"Ishaaya","year":"1971","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Finney, D.J. (1971). Probit Analysis, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/18.2.265a","article-title":"A Method of Computing the Effectiveness of an Insecticide","volume":"18","author":"Abbott","year":"1925","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."}],"container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/20\/5\/331\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:14:05Z","timestamp":1760138045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/20\/5\/331"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["md20050331"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md20050331","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-3397"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-3397","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]]}}}