{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T05:11:02Z","timestamp":1786597862413,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Veterinary medicine, Vienna, Austria"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Marine bio-sourced chitosan nanoparticles (CSNP) are antimicrobial and immunomodulatory agents beneficial for fish medicine. Herein, dietary CSNP was investigated for the amelioration of the systemic inflammatory responses of an induced fish model. One hundred and forty-four rainbow trout were assigned to one pathogen-free and non-supplemented group (negative control), and three challenged groups: non-supplemented (positive control), CSNP-preventive, and CSNP-therapeutic. After a feeding experiment extended for 21 days, the organosomatic indices (OSI) and molecular aspects were assessed. After a challenge experiment extended for further 28 days, CSNP-therapeutic intervention was assessed on fish survival and systemic inflammatory responses on pathology, histo-morphology, and molecular aspects. With CSNP administration, OSI nonsignificantly decreased and the relative expression of targeted inflammatory-mediator genes was significantly increased. The CSNP-therapeutic fish showed an RPS of 80% as compared to the positive control group, and CSNP-therapeutic administration retained the highest gene expression augmentation up to 28 days after the challenge. Notably, the splenic reticulin fibers framework of the CSNP-therapeutic group retained the highest integrity among the groups during the infection. After recovery, reticulin fibers density in the CSNP-therapeutic samples was significantly higher than in the negative control group, which indicates high innate immunity. Thus, CSNP showed promising biotherapeutic features enhancing fish resistance against infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md20070425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T01:48:38Z","timestamp":1656467318000},"page":"425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Therapeutic Intervention with Dietary Chitosan Nanoparticles Alleviates Fish Pathological and Molecular Systemic Inflammatory Responses against Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9273-1502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mona","family":"Saleh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterin\u00e4rplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3819-8879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehab","family":"Essawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterin\u00e4rplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11790, Egypt"},{"name":"Bioinformatics Center, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11790, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0741-3954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Shaalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterin\u00e4rplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2256-1672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaaban","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2767-2010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8148-0218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mansour","family":"El-Matbouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterin\u00e4rplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Division of Aquatic Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Badr Universiy, Cairo 11829, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2015.11.005","article-title":"Recent progress in applications of nanoparticles in fish medicine: A review","volume":"12","author":"Shaalan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanomed. 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