{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T01:47:09Z","timestamp":1790041629364,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017R1D1A1B04035921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017R1D1A1B04035921"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polysiphonia morrowii is a well-known red alga that has promising pharmacological characteristics. The current study evaluates the protective effect of 3-bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (BDB) isolated from P. morrowii on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1\/interferon (IFN)-\u03b3-stimulated inflammation and skin barrier deterioration in HaCaT keratinocytes. The anti-inflammatory effect of BDB in TNF-\u03b1\/IFN-\u03b3-stimulated HaCaT keratinocytes is evaluated by investigating nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\u03baB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines. Further, the interaction between BDB and the skin barrier functions in stimulated HaCaT keratinocytes is investigated. The findings of the study reveal that BDB dose-dependently increases cell viability while decreasing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. BDB downregulates the expression of inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-6, -8, -13, IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1, and chemokines, Eotaxin, macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), regulated on activation, normal T cells expressed and secreted (RANTES), and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) by modulating the MAPK and NF-\u03baB signaling pathways in TNF-\u03b1\/IFN-\u03b3-stimulated HaCaT keratinocytes. Furthermore, BDB increases the production of skin hydration proteins and tight junction proteins in stimulated HaCaT keratinocytes by preserving skin moisturization and tight junction stability. These findings imply that BDB exhibits a protective ability against inflammation and deterioration of skin barrier via suppressing the expression of inflammatory signaling in TNF-\u03b1\/IFN-\u03b3-stimulated HaCaT keratinocytes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md20090563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T01:50:51Z","timestamp":1661997051000},"page":"563","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["3-Bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde Isolated from Polysiphonia morrowii Suppresses TNF-\u03b1\/IFN-\u03b3-Stimulated Inflammation and Deterioration of Skin Barrier in HaCaT Keratinocytes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3943-2452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arachchige Maheshika Kumari","family":"Jayasinghe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eui-Jeong","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9364-3037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirinde Gedara Isuru Sandanuwan","family":"Kirindage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9450-4239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilekuttige Priyan Shanura","family":"Fernando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Bio-Food Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun-A","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeju International Marine Science Center for Research & Education, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology (KIOST), Jeju 63349, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junseong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeju International Marine Science Center for Research & Education, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology (KIOST), Jeju 63349, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0723-805X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyungsook","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup-si 56212, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7712-7697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kil-Nam","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chuncheon Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Chuncheon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo-Jin","family":"Heo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeju International Marine Science Center for Research & Education, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology (KIOST), Jeju 63349, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ginnae","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Marine Bio-Food Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Jayawardena, T.U., Yang, H.-W., Lee, H.G., Kang, M.-C., Sanjeewa, K., Oh, J.Y., and Jeon, Y.-J. (2020). Isolation, characterization, and antioxidant activity evaluation of a fucoidan from an enzymatic digest of the edible seaweed, Hizikia fusiforme. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9050363"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiosc.2021.06.005","article-title":"Effect of molecular mass and sulfate content of fucoidan from Sargassum siliquosum on antioxidant, anti-lipogenesis, and anti-inflammatory activity","volume":"132","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114003","article-title":"Sargassum horneri (Turner) C. Agardh ethanol extract attenuates fine dust-induced inflammatory responses and impaired skin barrier functions in HaCaT keratinocytes","volume":"273","author":"Dias","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.232","article-title":"Fucoidan isolated from Hizikia fusiforme suppresses ultraviolet B-induced photodamage by down-regulating the expressions of matrix metalloproteinases and pro-inflammatory cytokines via inhibiting NF-\u03baB, AP-1, and MAPK signaling pathways","volume":"166","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.114087","article-title":"5-Bromo-3, 4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde from Polysiphonia morrowii attenuate IgE\/BSA-stimulated mast cell activation and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in mice","volume":"178","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-011-1035-z","article-title":"In vitro antiviral activity of red alga, Polysiphonia morrowii extract and its bromophenols against fish pathogenic infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus","volume":"49","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.3390\/md9071273","article-title":"Bromophenols in marine algae and their bioactivities","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1021\/np070061b","article-title":"Highly brominated mono-and bis-phenols from the marine red alga Symphyocladia latiuscula with radical-scavenging activity","volume":"70","author":"Duan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(03)00004-9","article-title":"Antibacterial bromophenols from the marine red alga Rhodomela confervoides","volume":"62","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"56","article-title":"The in vitro antioxidant activities of the bromophenols from the red alga Tichocarpus crinitus and phenolic derivatives","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Korean Magn. Reson. Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.5487\/TR.2017.33.4.325","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effect of 3-bromo-4, 5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, a component of Polysiphonia morrowii, in vivo and in vitro","volume":"33","author":"Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.4103\/2221-1691.303606","article-title":"Anti-senescence and anti-wrinkle activities of 3-Bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde from Polysiphonia morrowii Harvey in human dermal fibroblasts","volume":"11","author":"Cho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2012.06.010","article-title":"Photo-protection by 3-bromo-4, 5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde against ultraviolet B-induced oxidative stress in human keratinocytes","volume":"83","author":"Hyun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jayasinghe, A.M.K., Kirindage, K.G.I.S., Fernando, I.P.S., Han, E.J., Oh, G.-W., Jung, W.-K., and Ahn, G. (2022). Fucoidan Isolated from Sargassum confusum Suppresses Inflammatory Responses and Oxidative Stress in TNF-\u03b1\/IFN-\u03b3-Stimulated HaCaT Keratinocytes by Activating Nrf2\/HO-1 Signaling Pathway. Mar. Drugs, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/md20020117"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2020.100831","article-title":"Sargassum horneri ethanol extract ameliorates TNF-\u03b1\/IFN-\u03b3-induced inflammation in human keratinocytes and TPA-induced ear edema in mice","volume":"39","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirindage, K.G.I.S., Fernando, I.P.S., Jayasinghe, A.M.K., Han, E.-J., Dias, M.K.H.M., Kang, K.-P., Moon, S.-I., Shin, T.-S., Ma, A., and Ahn, G. (2022). Moringa oleifera Hot Water Extract Protects Vero Cells from Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress by Regulating Mitochondria-Mediated Apoptotic Pathway and Nrf2\/HO-1 Signaling. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11030420"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saha, S., Buttari, B., Panieri, E., Profumo, E., and Saso, L. (2020). An overview of Nrf2 signaling pathway and its role in inflammation. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25225474"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, E.-J., Fernando, I.P.S., Kim, H.-S., Lee, D.-S., Kim, A., Je, J.-G., Seo, M.-J., Jee, Y.-H., Jeon, Y.-J., and Kim, S.-Y. (2021). (\u2013)-Loliolide Isolated from Sargassum horneri Suppressed Oxidative Stress and Inflammation by Activating Nrf2\/HO-1 Signaling in IFN-\u03b3\/TNF-\u03b1-Stimulated HaCaT Keratinocytes. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10060856"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.106146","article-title":"Eckol from Ecklonia cava ameliorates TNF-\u03b1\/IFN-\u03b3-induced inflammatory responses via regulating MAPKs and NF-\u03baB signaling pathway in HaCaT cells","volume":"82","author":"Cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.136","article-title":"Fucoidan refined by Sargassum confusum indicate protective effects suppressing photo-oxidative stress and skin barrier perturbation in UVB-induced human keratinocytes","volume":"164","author":"Fernando","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.115","article-title":"Low molecular weight fucoidan fraction ameliorates inflammation and deterioration of skin barrier in fine-dust stimulated keratinocytes","volume":"168","author":"Fernando","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115195","article-title":"Fucoidan isolated from Padina commersonii inhibit LPS-induced inflammation in macrophages blocking TLR\/NF-\u03baB signal pathway","volume":"224","author":"Sanjeewa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piao, M.J., Kang, K.A., Ryu, Y.S., Shilnikova, K., Park, J.E., Hyun, Y.J., Zhen, A.X., Kang, H.K., Koh, Y.S., and Ahn, M.J. (2017). The red algae compound 3-bromo-4, 5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde protects human keratinocytes on oxidative stress-related molecules and pathways activated by UVB irradiation. Mar. Drugs, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/md15090268"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, K.C., Hyun, Y.J., Hewage, S.R.K.M., Piao, M.J., Kang, K.A., Kang, H.K., Koh, Y.S., Ahn, M.J., and Hyun, J.W. (2017). 3-Bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde enhances the level of reduced glutathione via the Nrf2-mediated pathway in human keratinocytes. Mar. Drugs, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/md15090291"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2015.05.039","article-title":"Xanthii fructus extract inhibits TNF-\u03b1\/IFN-\u03b3-induced Th2-chemokines production via blockade of NF-\u03baB, STAT1 and p38-MAPK activation in human epidermal keratinocytes","volume":"171","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.08.049","article-title":"Illicium verum extract inhibits TNF-\u03b1-and IFN-\u03b3-induced expression of chemokines and cytokines in human keratinocytes","volume":"144","author":"Sung","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2017.10","article-title":"Intelectin contributes to allergen-induced IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP expression and type 2 response in asthma and atopic dermatitis","volume":"10","author":"Yi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(01)00243-6","article-title":"IL-25 induces IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and Th2-associated pathologies in vivo","volume":"15","author":"Fort","year":"2001","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050199","article-title":"A role for TSLP in the development of inflammation in an asthma model","volume":"202","author":"Spolski","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"205","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of fucoidan with blocking NF-\u03baB and STAT1 in human keratinocytes cells","volume":"21","author":"Ryu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765624","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/765624","article-title":"The roles of interleukin-6 in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"2011","author":"Hashizume","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, H.-S., Yeji, K., Seo, C.-S., Yoo, S.-R., Jin, S.-E., Shin, H.-K., and Jeong, S.-J. (2015). Chungsimyeonja-eum inhibits inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 macrophages and HaCaT keratinocytes. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-015-0902-2"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frattaruolo, L., Carullo, G., Brindisi, M., Mazzotta, S., Bellissimo, L., Rago, V., Curcio, R., Dolce, V., Aiello, F., and Cappello, A. (2019). Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Flavanones from Glycyrrhiza glabra L.(licorice) Leaf Phytocomplexes: Identification of Licoflavanone as a Modulator of NF-kB\/MAPK Pathway. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8060186"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S74","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200201001-00010","article-title":"Mitogen-activated protein kinases","volume":"30","author":"Arbabi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00911","article-title":"Activation of Nrf2\/HO-1 pathway by nardochinoid C inhibits inflammation and oxidative stress in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages","volume":"9","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"312","article-title":"Regulation of Nrf2 signaling","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"React. Oxyg. Species"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3221","article-title":"Cancer chemoprevention mechanisms mediated through the Keap1\u2013Nrf2 pathway","volume":"13","author":"Hayes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6720","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14046720","article-title":"Cytokines and the skin barrier","volume":"14","author":"Cornelissen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furue, M. (2020). Regulation of filaggrin, loricrin, and involucrin by IL-4, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-22, AHR, and NRF2: Pathogenic implications in atopic dermatitis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155382"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2022.06.004","article-title":"Aberrant Serine Protease Activities in Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"107","author":"Morizane","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3607","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e07-02-0124","article-title":"LEKTI fragments specifically inhibit KLK5, KLK7, and KLK14 and control desquamation through a pH-dependent interaction","volume":"18","author":"Deraison","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2016.011","article-title":"Skin barrier recovery by protease-activated receptor-2 antagonist lobaric acid","volume":"24","author":"Joo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.393","article-title":"One remarkable molecule: Filaggrin","volume":"132","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Razia, S., Park, H., Shin, E., Shim, K.-S., Cho, E., and Kim, S.-Y. (2021). Effects of Aloe vera flower extract and its active constituent isoorientin on skin moisturization via regulating involucrin expression: In vitro and molecular docking studies. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26092626"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00019.2012","article-title":"Claudins and the modulation of tight junction permeability","volume":"93","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6107(02)00037-8","article-title":"Tight junction proteins","volume":"81","author":"Betanzos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04440.x","article-title":"Zonula occludens-1 and-2 are cytosolic scaffolds that regulate the assembly of cellular junctions","volume":"1165","author":"Fanning","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2011.08.018","article-title":"New treatments for restoring impaired epidermal barrier permeability: Skin barrier repair creams","volume":"30","author":"Draelos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"78","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid in inflammation and tissue regeneration","volume":"28","author":"Litwiniuk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wounds"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirindage, K.G.I.S., Jayasinghe, A.M.K., Han, E.-J., Jee, Y., Kim, H.-J., Do, S.G., Fernando, I.P.S., and Ahn, G. (2022). Fucosterol Isolated from Dietary Brown Alga Sargassum horneri Protects TNF-\u03b1\/IFN-\u03b3-Stimulated Human Dermal Fibroblasts Via Regulating Nrf2\/HO-1 and NF-\u03baB\/MAPK Pathways. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11081429"}],"container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/20\/9\/563\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:21:07Z","timestamp":1760142067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/20\/9\/563"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["md20090563"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md20090563","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-3397"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-3397","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]]}}}