{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T11:11:19Z","timestamp":1789643479181,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ISDIN"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pelagia noctiluca stings are common in Mediterranean coastal areas and, although the venom is non-lethal, they are painful. Due to its high toxicity and abundance, P. noctiluca is considered a target species for the focus of research on active ingredients to reduce the symptoms of its sting. To determine the effect of 31 substances and formulations on nematocyst discharge, we performed three tests: (1) screening of per se discharge activator solutions, (2) inhibitory test with nematocyst chemical stimulation (5% acetic acid) and (3) inhibitory test quantifying the hemolytic area. Ammonia, barium chloride, bleach, scented ammonia, carbonated cola, lemon juice, sodium chloride and papain triggered nematocyst discharge. All of them were ruled out as potential inhibitors. Butylene glycol showed a reduction in nematocyst discharge, while the formulations of 10% lidocaine in ethanol, 1.5% hydroxyacetophenone in distilled water + butylene glycol, and 3% Symsitive\u00ae in butylene glycol inhibited nematocyst discharge. These last results were subsequently correlated with a significant decrease in hemolytic area in the venom assays versus seawater, a neutral solution. The presented data represent a first step in research to develop preventive products for jellyfish stings while at the same time attempting to clarify some uncertainties about the role of various topical solutions in P. noctiluca first-aid protocols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md20090571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T07:05:56Z","timestamp":1662620756000},"page":"571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Inhibition of Nematocyst Discharge from Pelagia noctiluca (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa)\u2014Prevention Measures against Jellyfish Stings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2720-4313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ainara","family":"Ballesteros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, ICM-CSIC-Institute of Marine Sciences, Passeig Mar\u00edtim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Innovation and Development, ISDIN, C. Proven\u00e7als 33, 08019 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carles","family":"Trullas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation and Development, ISDIN, C. Proven\u00e7als 33, 08019 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Jourdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation and Development, ISDIN, C. Proven\u00e7als 33, 08019 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9542-2385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josep-Maria","family":"Gili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, ICM-CSIC-Institute of Marine Sciences, Passeig Mar\u00edtim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z.-Q.S., and Shear, W.A. (2007). The phylum Cnidaria: A review of phylogenetic patterns and diversity 300 years after Linnaeus. 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