{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:06:34Z","timestamp":1792789594062,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Central-government-guided Local Science and Technology Development Project","award":["2022L3022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022L3022"]}]},{"name":"Central-government-guided Local Science and Technology Development Project","award":["2022H0036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022H0036"]}]},{"name":"Fujian Provincial Science and Technology Project","award":["2022L3022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022L3022"]}]},{"name":"Fujian Provincial Science and Technology Project","award":["2022H0036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022H0036"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neoagaro-oligosaccharides (NAOs) belong to the algae oligosaccharides. NAOs have been found to have diverse biological activities. However, the effects of NAOs on depression and their underlying mechanism have not been thoroughly studied. A chronic restraint stress (CRS)-induced C57BL\/6J mouse model was used to assess the antidepressant effects of NAOs. Anxiety and depression behaviors were assessed by open field tests (OFT) and forced swimming tests (FST), while interleukin 18 (IL-18), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were the molecular biomarkers of depression. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was performed. The results showed that NAO treatment significantly improved the body weight of depressed mice and reduced the central area time in the OFT and immobility time in the FST. NAO treatment decreased the levels of IL-18 in the serum and increased the levels of 5-HT in the serum and whole brain and of BDNF in the whole brain. NAO treatment mitigated the gut microbiota dysbiosis in the depressed mice and reversed the decreased levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the cecum of the depressed mice. FMT indicated that the gut microbiota is, indeed, linked to depression, which was reflected in the changes in weight gain and behaviors. In a word, NAOs effectively reversed the CRS-induced mice model of depression, which depended on the changes in the gut microbiota and SCFAs, as well as its modulation of 5-HT and BDNF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md20110725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T04:33:32Z","timestamp":1669005212000},"page":"725","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Neoagaro-Oligosaccharides Ameliorate Chronic Restraint Stress-Induced Depression by Increasing 5-HT and BDNF in the Brain and Remodeling the Gut Microbiota of Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biological Resources Development and Utilization Engineering Technology Innovation Center, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China"},{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Island Conservation and Development, Island Research Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Pingtan 350400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Runying","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biological Resources Development and Utilization Engineering Technology Innovation Center, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China"},{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Island Conservation and Development, Island Research Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Pingtan 350400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biological Resources Development and Utilization Engineering Technology Innovation Center, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China"},{"name":"School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 362200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longhe","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biological Resources Development and Utilization Engineering Technology Innovation Center, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China"},{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Island Conservation and Development, Island Research Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Pingtan 350400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuhua","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biological Resources Development and Utilization Engineering Technology Innovation Center, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China"},{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Island Conservation and Development, Island Research Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Pingtan 350400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e729","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00047-5","article-title":"Prevalence and variability of current depressive disorder in 27 European countries: A population-based study","volume":"6","author":"Torre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.4602","article-title":"Epidemiology of adult DSM-5 major depressive disorder and its specifiers in the United States","volume":"75","author":"Hasin","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720001087","article-title":"How do ethnicity and deprivation impact on life expectancy at birth in people with serious mental illness Observational study in the UK","volume":"51","author":"Munshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-021-01019-4","article-title":"The economic burden of adults with major depressive disorder in the United States (2010 and 2018)","volume":"39","author":"Greenberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years livedwith disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"James","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01271-4","article-title":"Depression, anxiety and associated factors among Chinese adolescents during the COVID-19 outbreak: A comparison of two cross-sectional studies","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.027","article-title":"Are we facing a crashing wave of neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19? Neuropsychiatric symptoms and potential immunologic mechanisms","volume":"87","author":"Troyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.2065","article-title":"Neuropathogenesis and neurologic manifestations of the coronaviruses in the age of coronavirus disease 2019: A review","volume":"77","author":"Zubair","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.5562\/cca1817","article-title":"Neurochemical and Behavioural Changes in Rat Models of Depression","volume":"84","author":"Ivan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Croat. Chem. Acta"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1179\/016164110X12656393665080","article-title":"The serum interleukin-18 is a potential marker for development of post-stroke depression","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-018-2978-8","article-title":"Monoaminergic system and depression","volume":"377","author":"Mico","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30015-9","article-title":"How do antidepressants work? New perspectives for refining future treatment approaches","volume":"4","author":"Harmer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.00098","article-title":"Current understanding of gut microbiota in mood disorders: An update of humanstudies","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8415","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b02462","article-title":"Clostridium butyricum attenuates chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depressive-like behavior in mice via the gut-brain axis","volume":"66","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2009.112","article-title":"Interactions between gut microbiota, host genetics and diet relevant to development of metabolic syndromes in mice","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.44","article-title":"Gut microbiome remodeling induces depressive-like behaviors through a pathway mediated by the host\u2019s metabolism","volume":"21","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2015.09.003","article-title":"Clinical and metabolic response to probiotic administration in patients with major depressive disorder: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Akkasheh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-017-0138-2","article-title":"The effects of probiotics on depressive symptoms in humans: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Wallace","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.200","article-title":"Gut-brain axis in 2016: Brain-gut-microbiota axis-mood, metabolism and behaviour","volume":"14","author":"Dinan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2018","article-title":"The microbiota-gut-brain axis","volume":"99","author":"Cryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Wang, J., Yan, R., Zeng, R., Zuo, Y., Wang, D., and Qu, W. (2021). Expression and characterization of a novel cold-adapted and stable\u03b2-agarase gene agaW1540 from the deep-sea bacterium shewanella sp. WPAGA9. Mar. Drugs, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/md19080431"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s12257-017-0049-8","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo investigation for biological activities of neoagarooligosaccharides prepared by hydrolyzing agar with \u03b2-agarase","volume":"22","author":"Hong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioproc. E"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2014.04.031","article-title":"Novel agaro-oligosaccharide production through enzymatic hydrolysis: Physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities","volume":"42","author":"Kang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Hydrocolloid."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"157","article-title":"Induction mechanism of heme oxygenase-1 and anti-inflammatory activity by agaro-oligosaccharides","volume":"57","author":"Enoki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-012-0719-4","article-title":"Oligosaccharides from agar inhibit murine intestinal inflammation through the induction of heme oxygenase-1 expression","volume":"48","author":"Higashimura","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12373","article-title":"Preventive effect of agaro-oligosaccharides on non-steroidalanti-inflammatory drug-induced small intestinal injury in mice","volume":"29","author":"Higashimura","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gastroen. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44252","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44252","article-title":"Neoagaro-oligosaccharide monomers inhibit inflammation in LPS-stimulated macrophages through suppression of MAPK and NF-kappaB pathways","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep. UK"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-019-1740-2","article-title":"The synergistic anti-inflammatory activities of agaro-oligosaccharides with different degrees of polymerization","volume":"31","author":"Zou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. App. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"G367","article-title":"Protective effect of agaro-oligosaccharides on gut dysbiosis and colon tumorigenesis in high-fat diet-fed mice","volume":"310","author":"Higashimura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrl."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, S.J., Lee, J.H., Kim, E.J., Yang, H., Park, J., and Hong, S. (2017). Anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effect of neoagarooligosaccharides on high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice. Mar. Drugs, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/md15040090"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2006.07.005","article-title":"Prebiotic effects of neoagaro-oligosaccharides prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis of agarose","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19931-2","article-title":"Effect of gut microbiota on depressive-like behaviors in mice is mediated by the endocannabinoid system","volume":"11","author":"Chevalier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00460-0","article-title":"The gut microbiota-brain axis in behaviour and brain disorders","volume":"19","author":"Morais","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03669-y","article-title":"Microbiota regulate social behaviour via stress response neurons in the brain","volume":"595","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"88","article-title":"Inulin as prebiotics and its applications in food industry and human health: A review","volume":"5","author":"Abed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Agric. Innov. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201600585","article-title":"Neoagarotetraose protects mice against intense exercise-induced fatigue damage by modulating gut microbial composition and function","volume":"61","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, C., Yang, K., Wang, Y., and Dai, X. (2019). Anti-aging effect of agar oligosaccharide on male Drosophila melanogaster and its preliminary mechanism. Mar. Drugs, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/md17110632"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000243","article-title":"Gutted Unraveling the role of the microbiome in major depressive disorder","volume":"28","author":"Bastiaanssen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harv. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.01.102","article-title":"Gut microbiota and major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"266","author":"Sanada","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect Disord."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2015.211","article-title":"Endocannabinoids\u2013at the crossroads between the gut microbiota and host metabolism","volume":"12","author":"Cani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2017.12.005","article-title":"Modeling metabolism of the human gut microbiome","volume":"51","author":"Thiele","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307429","article-title":"Arsenic exposure perturbs the gut microbiome and its metabolic profile in mice: An integrated metagenomics and metabolomics analysis","volume":"122","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health. Perspe."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12378","article-title":"Correlation between the human fecal microbiota and depression","volume":"26","author":"Naseribafrouei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.05.044","article-title":"Exploring the potential antidepressant mechanisms of puerarin: Anti-inflammatory response via the gut-brain axis","volume":"310","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.09.064","article-title":"Antibiotic-induced microbiome depletion is associated with resilience in mice after chronic social defeat stress","volume":"260","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.03.016","article-title":"Altered fecal microbiota composition in patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"48","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665159","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.665159","article-title":"Beneficial Effect of Alkaloids From Sophora alopecuroides L. on CUMS-Induced Depression Model Mice via Modulating Gut Microbiota","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5886","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00399A","article-title":"Impact of traditional Chinese medicine treatment on chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depression-like behaviors: Intestinal microbiota and gut microbiome function","volume":"10","author":"Qu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.05.038","article-title":"Possible association of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the gut microbiota of patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"202","author":"Aizawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.09.033","article-title":"Administration of Lactobacillus helveticus NS8 improves behavioral, cognitive, and biochemical aberrations caused by chronic restraint stress","volume":"310","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2019.01.025","article-title":"Antidepressant-like activities of live and heat-killed Lactobacillus paracasei PS23 in chronic corticosterone-treated mice and possible mechanisms","volume":"1711","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.115894","article-title":"In vitro fermentation of Gracilaria lemaneiformis sulfated polysaccharides and its agaro-oligosaccharides by human fecal inocula and its impact on microbiota","volume":"234","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohyd. Polym."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bendtsen, K.M.B., Krych, L., Sorensen, D.B., Pang, W.Y., Nielsen, D.S., Josefsen, K., Hansen, L.H., Sorensen, S.J., and Hansen, A.K. (2012). Gut microbiota composition is correlated to grid floor induced stress and behavior in the BALB\/c mouse. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046231"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2007.02129.x","article-title":"Cultivable bacterial diversity from the human colon","volume":"44","author":"Duncan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200603000-00015","article-title":"Colonic health: Fermentation and short chain fatty acids","volume":"40","author":"Wong","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00025","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids from gut microbiota in gut-brain communication","volume":"11","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2016.01.016","article-title":"Emerging treatment mechanisms for depression: Focus on glutamate and synaptic plasticity","volume":"21","author":"Gerhard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.50","article-title":"From gut dysbiosis to altered brain function and mental illness: Mechanisms and pathways","volume":"21","author":"Rogers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4030","article-title":"Host microbiota constantly control maturation and function of microglia in the CNS","volume":"18","author":"Erny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6484","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2021.1973356","article-title":"The mechanism of intestinal flora dysregulation mediated by intestinal bacterial biofilm to induce constipation","volume":"12","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2013.10.007","article-title":"Substance P receptor antagonist in lateral habenula improves rat depression-like behavior","volume":"100","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.07.041","article-title":"Crocin-I alleviates the depression-like behaviors probably via modulating \u201cmicrobiota-gut-brain\u201d axis in mice exposed to chronic restraint stress","volume":"276","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01083-6","article-title":"Increased hippocampal bdnf immunoreactivity in subjects treated with antidepressant medication","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2017.10.001","article-title":"Senegenin exerts anti-depression effect in mice induced by chronic un-predictable mild stress via inhibition of NF-kappaB regulating NLRP3 signal pathway","volume":"53","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"113082","article-title":"Gut microbiota composition modulates inflammation and structure of the vagal afferent pathway","volume":"225","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815422","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.815422","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) as an Adjunctive Therapy for Depression\u2014Case Report","volume":"13","author":"Doll","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2004.063388","article-title":"Postnatal microbial colonization programs the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system for stress response in mice","volume":"558","author":"Sudo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.05.132","article-title":"Characterization of a novel alkaline beta-agarase and its hydrolysates of agar","volume":"295","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2008.11.010","article-title":"Differential sensitivity to SSRI and tricyclic antidepressants in juvenile and adult mice of three strains","volume":"602","author":"Mason","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113146","article-title":"Protective effect of ginsenoside Rb1 against chronic restraint stress (CRS)-induced memory impairments in rats","volume":"405","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.02.044","article-title":"Effects of chronic mild stress induced depression on synaptic in mouse hippocampus","volume":"365","author":"Hei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2016-0292","article-title":"Possible involvement of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in the antidepressant-like effects of gabapentin in mouse forced swimming test","volume":"95","author":"Ostadhadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2016.07.006","article-title":"Possible involvement of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in the antidepressant-like effect of baclofen in mouse forced swimming test","volume":"68","author":"Nazari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2007.05.007","article-title":"Effect of osmotic dehydration and ultrasound pre-treatment on cell structure: Melon dehydration","volume":"41","author":"Fernandes","year":"2008","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/20\/11\/725\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:21:17Z","timestamp":1760145677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/20\/11\/725"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["md20110725"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md20110725","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-3397"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-3397","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]}}}