{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T14:13:09Z","timestamp":1791987189417,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2022R1A2C2006697"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R1A2C2006697"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Post-menopausal dry mouth or xerostomia is caused by reduced salivary secretion. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of echinochrome A (Ech A) in alleviating submandibular gland dysfunctions in ovariectomized rats that mimic menopause. Female rats that were eight-weeks-old were randomly divided into SHAM-6, -12; OVX-6, -12; and ECH-6, -12 groups (consisting of 6- and 12-weeks post-sham-operated, ovariectomized, and Ech A-treated ovariectomized rats, respectively). The ECH groups had lower body weight than OVX but similar food intake and estradiol or estrogen receptor \u03b2 expression. However, the ECH groups had lower mRNA expression of sterol-regulatory element binding protein-1c (Srebp-1c), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (Acc), fatty acid synthase (Fasn), cluster of differentiation 36 (Cd36), and lipid vacuole deposition than OVX mice. Moreover, reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and iron accumulation were lower in the ECH than in the OVX groups. Fibrosis markers, transforming growth factor \u03b2 (Tgf-\u03b2I and Tgf-\u03b2II mRNA) increased in the OVX than SHAM groups but decreased in the ECH groups. Aquaporin (Aqp-1 and Aqp-5 mRNA) and mucin expressions were downregulated in the OVX groups but improved with Ech A. In addition, Ech A prevented post-menopausal salivary gland dysfunction by inhibiting lipogenesis and ferroptosis. These findings suggest Ech A as an effective remedy for treating menopausal dry mouth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md20120729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T08:29:58Z","timestamp":1669105798000},"page":"729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Effect of Echinochrome A on Submandibular Gland Dysfunction in Ovariectomized Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3608-765X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji-Min","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung-Chan","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Il","family":"Cheon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7588-7393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyung-Sik","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science in Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute for Translational Dental Science, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7346-8550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gi-Cheol","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Changwon Hospital, College of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Changwon 51353, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1791-7865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyoung-Kyu","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Smart Marine Therapeutic Center, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University Busan, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1859-3425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Smart Marine Therapeutic Center, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University Busan, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung-Eun","family":"Seol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7526-026X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Vasileva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7616-574X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Mishchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4199-2099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergey","family":"Fedoreyev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentin","family":"Stonik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7091-6688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byung-Joo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2011.11.017","article-title":"Depressive disorders and the menopause transition","volume":"71","author":"Llaneza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-1876","article-title":"Bone mineral density changes during the menopause transition in a multiethnic cohort of women","volume":"93","author":"Finkelstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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