{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T17:39:31Z","timestamp":1785519571063,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNURSP2022R223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2022R223"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 106-2221-E-324-019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 106-2221-E-324-019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["PNURSP2022R223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2022R223"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["MOST 106-2221-E-324-019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 106-2221-E-324-019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The controlled-release characteristic of drug delivery systems is utilized to increase the residence time of therapeutic agents in the human body. This study aimed to formulate and characterize salsalate (SSL)-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) prepared using the ionic gelation method and to assess their in vitro release and antibacterial and antibiofilm activities. The optimized CSNPs and CSNP\u2013SSL formulation were characterized for particle size (156.4 \u00b1 12.7 nm and 132.8 \u00b1 17.4 nm), polydispersity index (0.489 \u00b1 0.011 and 0.236 \u00b1 132 0.021), zeta potential (68 \u00b1 16 mV and 37 \u00b1 11 mV), and entrapment efficiency (68.9 \u00b1 2.14%). Physicochemical features of these nanoparticles were characterized using UV\u2013visible and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction pattern. Scanning electron microscopy studies indicated that CSNPs and CSNP\u2013SSL were spherical in shape with a smooth surface and their particle size ranged between 200 and 500 nm. In vitro release profiles of the optimized formulations showed an initial burst followed by slow and sustained drug release after 18 h (64.2 \u00b1 3.2%) and 48 h (84.6 \u00b1 4.23%), respectively. Additionally, the CSNPs and CSNP\u2013SSL nanoparticles showed a sustained antibacterial action against Staphylococcus aureus (15.7 \u00b1 0.1 and 19.1 \u00b1 1.2 mm) and Escherichia coli (17.5 \u00b1 0.8 and 21.6 \u00b1 1.7 243 mm). Interestingly, CSNP\u2013SSL showed better capability (89.4 \u00b1 1.2% and 95.8 \u00b1 0.7%) than did CSNPs in inhibiting antibiofilm production by Enterobacter tabaci (E2) and Klebsiella quasipneumoniae (SC3). Therefore, CSNPs are a promising dosage form for sustained drug delivery and enhanced antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of SSL; these results could be translated into increased patient compliance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md20120733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T03:24:09Z","timestamp":1669260249000},"page":"733","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Preparation and Characterization of Salsalate-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles: In Vitro Release and Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1326-5222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sivarasan","family":"Ganesan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 41349, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3470-8691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jagadeesh Kumar","family":"Alagarasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohandoss","family":"Sonaimuthu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8342-5172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kanakaraj","family":"Aruchamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4776-4978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatemah Homoud","family":"Alkallas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amira","family":"Ben Gouider Trabelsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fedor Vasilievich","family":"Kusmartsev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6586-952X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veerababu","family":"Polisetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3218-1454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moonyong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huang-Mu","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 41349, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-chembioeng-073009-100847","article-title":"Polymers for Drug Delivery Systems","volume":"1","author":"Liechty","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. 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