{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T18:07:02Z","timestamp":1790100422938,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research","award":["PRIN 2009JS5YX9_002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN 2009JS5YX9_002"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research","award":["H2020-MSCA-RISE-2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-MSCA-RISE-2017"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["PRIN 2009JS5YX9_002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN 2009JS5YX9_002"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["H2020-MSCA-RISE-2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-MSCA-RISE-2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The frequent occurrence of marine dinoflagellates producing palytoxin (PLTX) or okadaic acid (OA) raises concern for the possible co-presence of these toxins in seafood, leading to additive or synergistic adverse effects in consumers. Thus, the acute oral toxicity of PLTX and OA association was evaluated in mice: groups of eight female CD-1 mice were administered by gavage with combined doses of PLTX (30, 90 or 270 \u03bcg\/kg) and OA (370 \u03bcg\/kg), or with each individual toxin, recording signs up to 24 h (five mice) and 14 days (three mice). Lethal effects occurred only after PLTX (90 or 270 \u03bcg\/kg) exposure, alone or combined with OA, also during the 14-day recovery. PLTX induced scratching, piloerection, abdominal swelling, muscle spasms, paralysis and dyspnea, which increased in frequency or duration when co-administered with OA. The latter induced only diarrhea. At 24 h, PLTX (90 or 270 \u03bcg\/kg) and OA caused wall redness in the small intestine or pale fluid accumulation in its lumen, respectively. These effects co-occurred in mice co-exposed to PLTX (90 or 270 \u03bcg\/kg) and OA, and were associated with slight ulcers and inflammation at forestomach. PLTX (270 \u03bcg\/kg alone or 90 \u03bcg\/kg associated with OA) also decreased the liver\/body weight ratio, reducing hepatocyte glycogen (270 \u03bcg\/kg, alone or combined with OA). No alterations were recorded in surviving mice after 14 days. Overall, the study suggests additive effects of PLTX and OA that should be considered for their risk assessment as seafood contaminants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md20120735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T03:58:16Z","timestamp":1669262296000},"page":"735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Acute Toxicity by Oral Co-Exposure to Palytoxin and Okadaic Acid in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2909-6603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvio","family":"Sosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4306-7411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Pelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Ponti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Carlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurelia","family":"Tubaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farabegoli, F., Blanco, L., Rodr\u00edguez, L.P., Vieites, J.M., and Garc\u00eda Cabado, A. 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