{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T04:52:52Z","timestamp":1790052772288,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":167,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["GM131685"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM131685"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["AI148217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI148217"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["AI104987"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI104987"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The title of this essay is as much a question as it is a statement. The discovery of the \u03b2-lactam antibiotics\u2014including penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems\u2014as largely (if not exclusively) secondary metabolites of terrestrial fungi and bacteria, transformed modern medicine. The antibiotic \u03b2-lactams inactivate essential enzymes of bacterial cell-wall biosynthesis. Moreover, the ability of the \u03b2-lactams to function as enzyme inhibitors is of such great medical value, that inhibitors of the enzymes which degrade hydrolytically the \u03b2-lactams, the \u03b2-lactamases, have equal value. Given this privileged status for the \u03b2-lactam ring, it is therefore a disappointment that the exemplification of this ring in marine secondary metabolites is sparse. It may be that biologically active marine \u03b2-lactams are there, and simply have yet to be encountered. In this report, we posit a second explanation: that the value of the \u03b2-lactam to secure an ecological advantage in the marine environment might be compromised by its close structural similarity to the \u03b2-lactones of quorum sensing. The steric and reactivity similarities between the \u03b2-lactams and the \u03b2-lactones represent an outside-of-the-box opportunity for correlating new structures and new enzyme targets for the discovery of compelling biological activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md21020086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T02:29:31Z","timestamp":1674700171000},"page":"86","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["\u03b2-Lactams from the Ocean"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7174-4352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jed F.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, 354 McCourtney Hall, University of Note Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656\u20135670, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7695-7883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahriar","family":"Mobashery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, 354 McCourtney Hall, University of Note Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656\u20135670, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-011-3587-6","article-title":"Penicillin: The medicine with the greatest impact on therapeutic outcomes","volume":"92","author":"Kardos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. 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