{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:42:57Z","timestamp":1790779377448,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]],"date-time":"2023-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer and Ligue R\u00e9gionale Contre le Cancer"},{"name":"Hariri Foundation for Sustainable Human Development"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV) infects 95% of the world\u2019s population and persists latently in the body. It immortalizes B-cells and is associated with lymphomas. LCLs (lymphoblastoid cell lines, EBV latency III B-cells) inhibit anti-tumoral T-cell response following PD-L1 overexpression (programmed death-ligand 1 immune checkpoint). Many cancer cells, including some DLBCLs (diffuse large B-cell lymphomas), also overexpress PD-L1. Immunotherapies are based on inhibition of PD-L1\/PD-1 interactions but present some dose-dependent toxicities. We aim to find new strategies to improve their efficiency by decreasing PD-L1 expression. Fucoidan, a polysaccharide extracted from brown seaweed, exhibits immunomodulatory and anti-tumor activities depending on its polymerization degree, but data are scarce on lymphoma cells or immune checkpoints. LCLs and DLBCLs cells were treated with native fucoidan (Fucus vesiculosus) or original very-low-molecular-weight fucoidan formulas (vLMW-F). We observed cell proliferation decrease and apoptosis induction increase with vLMW-F and no toxicity on normal B- and T-cells. We highlighted a decrease in transcriptional and PD-L1 surface expression, even more efficient for vLMW than native fucoidan. This can be explained by actin network alteration, suggesting lower fusion of secretory vesicles carrying PD-L1 with the plasma membrane. We propose vLMW-F as potential adjuvants to immunotherapy due to their anti-proliferative and proapoptotic effects and ability to decrease PD-L1 membrane expression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md21020132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T01:36:37Z","timestamp":1676856997000},"page":"132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Anti-Proliferative and Pro-Apoptotic vLMW Fucoidan Formulas Decrease PD-L1 Surface Expression in EBV Latency III and DLBCL Tumoral B-Cells by Decreasing Actin Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Saliba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR CNRS 7276, INSERM 1262, CRIBL Laboratory, Faculty of Medecine, Limoges University, 87000 Limoges, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chanez","family":"Manseur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR CNRS 7266, LIENSs Laboratory, La Rochelle University, 17000 La Rochelle, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1571-9400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Groult","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR CNRS 7266, LIENSs Laboratory, La Rochelle University, 17000 La Rochelle, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8177-6833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hussein","family":"Akil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR CNRS 7276, INSERM 1262, CRIBL Laboratory, Faculty of Medecine, Limoges University, 87000 Limoges, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Tannoury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, Beirut RGHC+4PR, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2619-5059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle","family":"Troutaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR CNRS 7276, INSERM 1262, CRIBL Laboratory, Faculty of Medecine, Limoges University, 87000 Limoges, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9196-7780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thierry","family":"Maugard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR CNRS 7266, LIENSs Laboratory, La Rochelle University, 17000 La Rochelle, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Feuillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR CNRS 7276, INSERM 1262, CRIBL Laboratory, Faculty of Medecine, Limoges University, 87000 Limoges, France"},{"name":"Hematology Laboratory, CHU Dupuytren, 2 Avenue Martin Luther King, CEDEX 87042 Limoges, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Arnaudin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR CNRS 7266, LIENSs Laboratory, La Rochelle University, 17000 La Rochelle, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chantal","family":"Jayat-Vignoles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR CNRS 7276, INSERM 1262, CRIBL Laboratory, Faculty of Medecine, Limoges University, 87000 Limoges, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12065","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01431-14","article-title":"Counteracting Effects of Cellular Notch and Epstein-Barr Virus EBNA2: Implications for Stromal Effects on Virus-Host Interactions","volume":"88","author":"Rowe","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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