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The occurrence of species population, antimicrobial character, and virulence diversity in Bacillus spp. recovered from the mariculture system in China between 2009 and 2021 were investigated, screening for probiotic Bacillus strains with good biological safety that can inhibit Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus, V. harveyi, V. owensii, V. campbellii. The results showed that 116 Bacillus isolates were divided into 24 species, and the top three species were B. subtilis (37\/116), B. velezensis (28\/116), and B. amyloliquefaciens (10\/116). Among the 116 Bacillus isolates, 32.8% were effective against V. parahaemolyticus, 30.1% for V. alginolyticus, 60.3% for V. harveyi, 69.8% for V. owensii and 74.1% for V. campbellii. More than 62% of Bacillus isolates were susceptible to florfenicol, doxycycline and tetracycline, etc., and 26\/116 Bacillus isolates were found to be multiple-antibiotic-resistant (MAR), with MARI values ranging from 0 to 0.06. Eighteen kinds of antibiotic resistance genes were tested; only tetB, blaTEM, and blaZ were detected. And 9 isolates in 2 Bacillus species were excluded by 6\/10 kinds of Bacillus-related toxin gene (hblA, hblC, nheB, nheC, entFM, cykK). Bio-safety testing indicated that three kinds of probiotics were good probiotic candidates to prevent Vibriosis. These results provide comprehensive genetic diversity, potential risks, and probiotic characteristics of Bacillus in the mariculture system in China, and provide basic support for green and healthy development of aquatic industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md21040228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T02:10:13Z","timestamp":1680487813000},"page":"228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Genetic and Phenotypic Diversity of Bacillus spp. from the Mariculture System in China and Their Potential Function against Pathogenic Vibrio"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Yongxiang","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meijie","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Rong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianlong","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinjin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization (2020). 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