{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T03:23:10Z","timestamp":1791429790697,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]],"date-time":"2023-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Frondosides are the major saponins (triterpene glycosides) of the North Atlantic sea cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa). Frondosides possess amphiphilic characteristics due to the presence of various hydrophilic sugar moieties and hydrophobic genin (sapogenin). Saponins are abundant in holothurians, including in sea cucumbers that are widely distributed across the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean. Over 300 triterpene glycosides have been isolated, identified, and categorized from many species of sea cucumbers. Furthermore, specific saponins from sea cucumbers are broadly classified on the basis of the fron-dosides that have been widely studied. Recent studies have shown that frondoside-containing extracts from C. frondosa exhibit anticancer, anti-obesity, anti-hyperuricemic, anticoagulant, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiangiogenic, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and immunomodulatory activities. However, the exact mechanism(s) of action of biological activities of frondosides is not clearly understood. The function of some frondosides as chemical defense molecules need to be understood. Therefore, this review discusses the different frondosides of C. frondosa and their potential therapeutic activities in relation to the postulated mechanism(s) of action. In addition, recent advances in emerging extraction techniques of frondosides and other saponins and future perspectives are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md21050262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T02:31:05Z","timestamp":1682303465000},"page":"262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Saponins of North Atlantic Sea Cucumber: Chemistry, Health Benefits, and Future Prospectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1340-6697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oladapo","family":"Fagbohun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jitcy","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology and Biochemistry, The National Institute of Occupational Health, A Division of National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Life & Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2438-6740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olumayowa","family":"Oriyomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, First Technical University, Ibadan 200261, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3435-0052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H.","family":"Rupasinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4H7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2022.113345","article-title":"Phytochemical and biological diversity of triterpenoid saponins from family Sapotaceae: A comprehensive review","volume":"202","author":"Baky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zakharenko, A., Romanchenko, D., Thinh, P.D., Pikula, K., Hang, C.T.T., Yuan, W., Xia, X., Chaika, V., Chernyshev, V., and Zakharenko, S. 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