{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T13:56:24Z","timestamp":1781186184832,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003056","name":"Ente Cassa di Risparmio Firenze","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015.0919"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015.0919"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003056","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003056","name":"Ente Cassa di Risparmio Firenze","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018.1002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018.1002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003056","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Regione Toscana","award":["2015.0919"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015.0919"]}]},{"name":"Regione Toscana","award":["2018.1002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018.1002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pre-metabolic syndrome (pre-MetS) may represent the best transition phase to start treatments aimed at reducing cardiometabolic risk factors of MetS. In this study, we investigated the effects of the marine microalga Tisochrysis lutea F&amp;M-M36 (T. lutea) on cardiometabolic components of pre-MetS and its underlying mechanisms. Rats were fed a standard (5% fat) or a high-fat diet (20% fat) supplemented or not with 5% of T. lutea or fenofibrate (100 mg\/Kg) for 3 months. Like fenofibrate, T. lutea decreased blood triglycerides (p &lt; 0.01) and glucose levels (p &lt; 0.01), increased fecal lipid excretion (p &lt; 0.05) and adiponectin (p &lt; 0.001) without affecting weight gain. Unlike fenofibrate, T. lutea did not increase liver weight and steatosis, reduced renal fat (p &lt; 0.05), diastolic (p &lt; 0.05) and mean arterial pressure (p &lt; 0.05). In visceral adipose tissue (VAT), T. lutea, but not fenofibrate, increased the \u03b23-adrenergic receptor (\u03b23ADR) (p &lt; 0.05) and Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) (p &lt; 0.001) while both induced glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) protein expression (p &lt; 0.001) and decreased interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1\u03b2 gene expression (p &lt; 0.05). Pathway analysis on VAT whole-gene expression profiles showed that T. lutea up-regulated energy-metabolism-related genes and down-regulated inflammatory and autophagy pathways. The multitarget activity of T. lutea suggests that this microalga could be useful in mitigating risk factors of MetS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md21050303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T07:03:58Z","timestamp":1684393438000},"page":"303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Tisochrysis lutea F&amp;M-M36 Mitigates Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome and Promotes Visceral Fat Browning through \u03b23-Adrenergic Receptor\/UCP1 Signaling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Mario","family":"D\u2019Ambrosio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Enteric Neuroscience Program, Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1892-4343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Bigagli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Cinci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Gencarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0279-3246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Chioccioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9718-973X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natascia","family":"Biondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6348-0169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana","family":"Rodolfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Fotosintetica & Microbiologica S.r.l., Via di Santo Spirito 14, 50125 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3493-7219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Niccolai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Zambelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annunziatina","family":"Laurino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of 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