{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T15:05:38Z","timestamp":1777302338534,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]],"date-time":"2023-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Japan Food Chemical Research Foundation","award":["15K00862"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15K00862"]}]},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)","award":["15K00862"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15K00862"]}]},{"name":"Yukiyoshi Institute","award":["15K00862"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15K00862"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sodium alginate (SALG) is a substance derived from brown seaweed that has been shown to reduce blood pressure (BP). However, its effects on renovascular hypertension caused by 2-kidney, 1-clip (2K1C) are not yet clear. Previous research suggests that hypertensive rats have increased intestinal permeability, and that SALG improves the gut barrier in inflammatory bowel disease mouse models. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine whether the antihypertensive effects of SALG involve the intestinal barrier in 2K1C rats. Rats were fed either a 1.0% SALG diet or a control diet for six weeks after being subjected to 2K1C surgery or a sham operation. The systolic BP was measured weekly, and the mean arterial BP was measured at the end of the study. Intestinal samples were taken for analysis, and plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels were measured. The results showed that BP in 2K1C rats was significantly higher than in SHAM rats when fed CTL, but not when fed SALG. The gut barrier in 2K1C rats was improved by SALG intake. Plasma LPS levels also differed depending on the animal model and diet. In conclusion, dietary SALG may alleviate 2K1C renovascular hypertension by altering the gut barrier.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md21060324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]],"date-time":"2023-05-27T16:17:33Z","timestamp":1685204253000},"page":"324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Influence of Intestinal Barrier on Alleviating an Increase in Blood Pressure by Sodium Alginate Intake in 2-Kidney, 1-Clip Renovascular Hypertensive Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Saki","family":"Maruyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Home Economics, Kobe Women\u2019s University, 2-1 Higashisuma-Aoyama, Suma, Kobe 654-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yukiko","family":"Segawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Home Economics, Kobe Women\u2019s University, 2-1 Higashisuma-Aoyama, Suma, Kobe 654-8585, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Cookery and Confectionery, Osaka Seikei College, 10-62 Aikawa, Higashiyodogawa, Osaka 533-0007, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayaka","family":"Harui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Home Economics, Kobe Women\u2019s University, 2-1 Higashisuma-Aoyama, Suma, Kobe 654-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kanae","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Home Economics, Kobe Women\u2019s University, 2-1 Higashisuma-Aoyama, Suma, Kobe 654-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroko","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Home Economics, Kobe Women\u2019s University, 2-1 Higashisuma-Aoyama, Suma, Kobe 654-8585, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition, Osaka Seikei College, 10-62 Aikawa, Higashiyodogawa, Osaka 533-0007, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomoko","family":"Osera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Home Economics, Kobe Women\u2019s University, 2-1 Higashisuma-Aoyama, Suma, Kobe 654-8585, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Ora-gun, Itakura-machi 374-0193, Gunma, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nobutaka","family":"Kurihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Home Economics, Kobe Women\u2019s University, 2-1 Higashisuma-Aoyama, Suma, Kobe 654-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14240","article-title":"High Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"75","author":"Fuchs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1080\/10641963.2021.1991943","article-title":"Role of Alginate in the Mechanism by Which Brown Seaweed Saccharina Japonica Intake Alleviates an Increase in Blood Pressure in 2-Kidney, 1-Clip Renovascular Hypertensive Rats","volume":"44","author":"Maruyama","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1021\/jf503548a","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Guluronate Oligosaccharides Obtained by Oxidative Degradation from Alginate in Lipopolysaccharide-Activated Murine Macrophage RAW 264.7 Cells","volume":"63","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i10.2641","article-title":"Sodium Alginate Ameliorates Indomethacin-Induced Gastrointestinal Mucosal Injury via Inhibiting Translocation in Rats","volume":"20","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118085","article-title":"Alginate Oligosaccharides Enhance Small Intestine Cell Integrity and Migration Ability","volume":"258","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.042","article-title":"Transcriptome Analysis Revealed Anti-Obesity Effects of the Sodium Alginate in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice","volume":"115","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.2331\/fishsci.60.83","article-title":"Study on Antihypertensive and Antihyperlipidemic Effects of Marine Algae","volume":"60","author":"Ren","year":"1994","journal-title":"Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, Z., Chen, M., Fu, X., Yang, M., Hrmova, M., Zhao, Y., and Mou, H. (2021). Potassium Alginate Oligosaccharides Alter Gut Microbiota, and Have Potential to Prevent the Development of Hypertension and Heart Failure in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189823"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2009.09.004","article-title":"Preventive Effects of Low Molecular Mass Potassium Alginate Extracted from Brown Algae on DOCA Salt-Induced Hypertension in Rats","volume":"64","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3109\/10641963.2011.618196","article-title":"Sodium Alginate Oligosaccharides Attenuate Hypertension and Associated Kidney Damage in Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats Fed a High-Salt Diet","volume":"34","author":"Terakado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.3109\/10641963.2011.577484","article-title":"Sodium Alginate Oligosaccharides Attenuate Hypertension in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Fed a Low-Salt Diet","volume":"34","author":"Ueno","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-020-10449-7","article-title":"Alginate Oligosaccharide Improves Lipid Metabolism and Inflammation by Modulating Gut Microbiota in High-Fat Diet Fed Mice","volume":"104","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.3109\/10641963.2013.776568","article-title":"Subcutaneous Administration of Sodium Alginate Oligosaccharides Prevents Salt-Induced Hypertension in Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats","volume":"35","author":"Moriya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309006","article-title":"Hypertension-Linked Pathophysiological Alterations in the Gut","volume":"120","author":"Santisteban","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robles-Vera, I., de la Visitaci\u00f3n, N., S\u00e1nchez, M., G\u00f3mez-Guzm\u00e1n, M., Jim\u00e9nez, R., Mole\u00f3n, J., Gonz\u00e1lez-Correa, C., Romero, M., Yang, T., and Raizada, M.K. (2020). Mycophenolate Improves Brain\u2013Gut Axis Inducing Remodeling of Gut Microbiota in Doca-Salt Hypertensive Rats. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9121199"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e370","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2017.122","article-title":"Enteric Dysbiosis-Linked Gut Barrier Disruption Triggers Early Renal Injury Induced by Chronic High Salt Feeding in Mice","volume":"49","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1900616","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201900616","article-title":"Probiotics Prevent Dysbiosis and the Rise in Blood Pressure in Genetic Hypertension: Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids","volume":"64","author":"Toral","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1854642","article-title":"Antihypertensive Effects of Exercise Involve Reshaping of Gut Microbiota and Improvement of Gut-Brain Axis in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat: Short Title: Exercise, Hypertension and Gut-Brain Axis","volume":"13","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.109040","article-title":"Candesartan Attenuates Hypertension-Associated Pathophysiological Alterations in the Gut","volume":"116","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuke, N., Nagata, N., Suganuma, H., and Ota, T. (2019). Regulation of Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Endotoxemia with Dietary Factors. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102277"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111334","article-title":"Link between Microbiota and Hypertension: Focus on LPS\/TLR4 Pathway in Endothelial Dysfunction and Vascular Inflammation, and Therapeutic Implication of Probiotics","volume":"137","author":"Grylls","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010721","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.010721","article-title":"Sustained Captopril-Induced Reduction in Blood Pressure Is Associated with Alterations in Gut-Brain Axis in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, A., Gao, Y., Kan, R., Ren, P., Xue, C., Kong, B., and Tang, Q. (2023). Alginate Oligosaccharides Prevent Dextran-Sulfate-Sodium-Induced Ulcerative Colitis via Enhancing Intestinal Barrier Function and Modulating Gut Microbiota. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12010220"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7064","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c02294","article-title":"Sodium Alginate Modulates Immunity, Intestinal Mucosal Barrier Function, and Gut Microbiota in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed BALB\/c Mice","volume":"69","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313882","article-title":"Microglial Cells Impact Gut Microbiota and Gut Pathology in Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension","volume":"124","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.88","article-title":"Immunological Aspects of Intestinal Mucus and Mucins","volume":"16","author":"Johansson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2021.110927","article-title":"Alginate Oligosaccharides Protect against Fumonisin B1-Induced Intestinal Damage via Promoting Gut Microbiota Homeostasis","volume":"152","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1512.12002","article-title":"Lactic Acid Bacteria Improves Peyer\u2019s Patch Cell-Mediated Immunoglobulin a and Tight-Junction Expression in a Destructed Gut Microbial Environment","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.073","article-title":"Sodium Alginate and Galactooligosaccharides Ameliorate Metabolic Disorders and Alter the Composition of the Gut Microbiota in Mice with High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity","volume":"215","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0222-x","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis Contributes to the Development of Hypertension","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"513","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of Alterations in the Intestinal Microbiota of Patients with Grade 3 Hypertension","volume":"44","author":"Mushtaq","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8250619","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8250619","article-title":"Alteration of the Gut Microbiota and Its Effect on AMPK\/NADPH Oxidase Signaling Pathway in 2K1C Rats","volume":"2019","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-212","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress in Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla Contribute to Neurogenic Hypertension Induced by Systemic Inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2010.60","article-title":"Intraperitoneal LPS Amplifies Portal Hypertension in Rat Liver Fibrosis","volume":"90","author":"Steib","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.5105\/jse.21.164","article-title":"Effects of Endotoxin on Cardiovascular and Autonomic Nervous System in Rats","volume":"21","author":"Hagiwara","year":"2001","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Electrocardiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114517000964","article-title":"Polymannuronic Acid Ameliorated Obesity and Inflammation Associated with a High-Fat and High-Sucrose Diet by Modulating the Gut Microbiome in a Murine Model","volume":"117","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stolfi, C., Maresca, C., Monteleone, G., and Laudisi, F. (2022). Implication of Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in Gut Dysbiosis and Diseases. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10020289"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1080\/10641963.2019.1665676","article-title":"Dietary Capsaicin-Mediated Attenuation of Hypertension in a Rat Model of Renovascular Hypertension","volume":"42","author":"Segawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3136","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.25.3136","article-title":"Long-Term Effect of N-Acetyl-Seryl-Aspartyl-Lysyl-Proline on Left Ventricular Collagen Deposition in Rats with 2-Kidney, 1-Clip Hypertension","volume":"103","author":"Rhaleb","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"}],"container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/21\/6\/324\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:42:52Z","timestamp":1760125372000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/21\/6\/324"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["md21060324"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md21060324","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-3397"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-3397","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]]}}}