{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T21:33:26Z","timestamp":1784324006796,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["RSP-2023\/R114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP-2023\/R114"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The marine environment is a rich source of bioactive compounds. Therefore, the sea cucumber was isolated from the Red Sea at the Al-Ain Al-Sokhna coast and it was identified as surf redfish (Actinopyga mauritiana). The aqueous extract of the surf redfish was utilized as an ecofriendly, novel and sustainable approach to fabricate zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs). The biosynthesized ZnO-NPs were physico-chemically characterized and evaluated for their possible antibacterial and insecticidal activities. Additionally, their safety in the non-target organism model (Nile tilapia fish) was also investigated. ZnO-NPs were spherical with an average size of 24.69 \u00b1 11.61 nm and had a peak at 350 nm as shown by TEM and UV-Vis, respectively. XRD analysis indicated a crystalline phase of ZnO-NPs with an average size of 21.7 nm. The FTIR pattern showed biological residues from the surf redfish extract, highlighting their potential role in the biosynthesis process. DLS indicated a negative zeta potential (\u221219.2 mV) of the ZnO-NPs which is a good preliminary indicator for their stability. ZnO-NPs showed larvicidal activity against mosquito Culex pipiens\u00a0(LC50 = 15.412 ppm and LC90 = 52.745 ppm) and a potent adulticidal effect to the housefly Musca domestica\u00a0(LD50 = 21.132 ppm and LD90 = 84.930 ppm). Tested concentrations of ZnO-NPs showed strong activity against the 3rd larval instar. Topical assays revealed dose-dependent adulticidal activity against M. domestica after 24 h of treatment with ZnO-NPs. ZnO-NPs presented a wide antibacterial activity against two fish-pathogen bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aeromonas hydrophila. Histopathological and hematological investigations of the non-target organism, Nile tilapia fish exposed to 75\u2013600 ppm ZnO-NPs provide dose-dependent impacts. Overall, data highlighted the potential applications of surf redfish-mediated ZnO-NPs as an effective and safe way to control mosquitoes, houseflies and fish pathogenic bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md21080437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T11:17:17Z","timestamp":1690975037000},"page":"437","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Surf Redfish-Based ZnO-NPs and Their Biological Activity with Reference to Their Non-Target Toxicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1596-1958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed I.","family":"Hasaballah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussein A.","family":"El-Naggar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim E.","family":"Abd-El Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 32897, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatimah","family":"Al-Otibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reham M.","family":"Alahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Othman F.","family":"Abdelzaher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1984-8103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed H.","family":"Kalaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5050-5184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Basma H.","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed M.","family":"Mabrouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fish Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 32897, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7296-3701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed G. A.","family":"Gewida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fish Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 32897, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwa F.","family":"Abd El-Kader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, Sakha Aquaculture Research Unit, Department of Fish Diseases and Management, A.R.C., Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mostafa A.","family":"Elbahnasawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2020.1805415","article-title":"A review: Zinc oxide nanoparticles\u2013friends or enemies?","volume":"32","author":"Barbasz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cap.2012.07.005","article-title":"ZnO nanowire array ultraviolet photodetectors with self-powered properties","volume":"13","author":"Bai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2019.01.013","article-title":"Greener synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Trianthema portulacastrum extract and evaluation of its photocatalytic and biological applications","volume":"192","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faizan, M., Hayat, S., and Pichtel, J. (2020). Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 41, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-86876-5"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s12668-021-00926-2","article-title":"Eco friendly Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles by Marine Sponge, Spongia offcinalis: Antimicrobial and Insecticidal Activities against the Mosquito Vectors, Culex pipiens and Anopheles pharoensis","volume":"12","author":"Hasaballah","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioNanoScience"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2833","DOI":"10.3390\/ma7042833","article-title":"Zinc oxide\u2014From synthesis to application: A review","volume":"7","author":"Jesionowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejar.2018.12.001","article-title":"Effect of human activities on biodiversity in Nabq Protected Area, South Sinai, Egypt","volume":"45","author":"Mona","year":"2019","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Aquat. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2400","DOI":"10.1002\/eco.2400","article-title":"An integrated field data and remote sensing approach for impact assessment of human activities on epifauna macrobenthos biodiversity along the western coast of Aqaba Gulf","volume":"15","author":"Salem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecohydrology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EL-Naggar, H.A., Bashar, M.A.E., Rady, I., El-Wetidy, M.S., Suleiman, W.B., Al-Otibi, F.O., Al-Rashed, S.A., Abd El-Maoula, L.M., Salem, E.S., and Attia, E.M.H. (2022). Two Red Sea Sponge Extracts (Negombata magnifica and Callyspongia siphonella) Induced Anticancer and Antimicrobial Activity. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12031400"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.21608\/ejabf.2021.206249","article-title":"Larvicidal activity and ultrastructural abnormalities in the ovaries of the housefly \u201cMusca domestica\u201d induced by the soft coral \u201cOvabunda macrospiculata\u201d synthesized ZnO nanoparticles","volume":"25","author":"Hasaballah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Aquat. Biol. Fish."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.21608\/ejabf.2020.114293","article-title":"GC-MS analysis of bioactive components in six different crude extracts from the Soft Coral (Sinularia maxim) collected from Ras Mohamed, Aqaba Gulf, Red Sea, Egypt","volume":"24","author":"Metwally","year":"2020","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Aquat. Biol. Fish."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35854","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13222-z","article-title":"The potential impact of Octopus cyanea extracts to improve eggplant resistance against Fusarium-wilt disease: In vivo and in vitro studies","volume":"27","author":"Attia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Teripang dan bahan aktifnya","volume":"34","author":"Arlyza","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oseana"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7948705","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7948705","article-title":"Antiproliferative activity, proapoptotic effect, and cell cycle arrest in human cancer cells of some marine natural product extract","volume":"2020","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3287","DOI":"10.1039\/C4FO00330F","article-title":"Sea cucumber and blue mussel: New sources of phospholipid enriched omega-3 fatty acids with a potential role in 3T3-L1 adipocyte metabolism","volume":"5","author":"Vaidya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2011(02)00153-2","article-title":"Antibacterial activity in Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (Echinoidea), Cucumaria frondosa (Holothuroidea), and Asterias rubens (Asteroidea)","volume":"8","author":"Haug","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2006.12.052","article-title":"Antifungal activity in triterpene glycosides from the sea cucumber Actinopyga lecanora","volume":"17","author":"Kumar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.08.025","article-title":"Zoonotic mosquito-borne flaviviruses: Worldwide presence of agents with proven pathogenicity and potential candidates of future emerging diseases","volume":"140","author":"Bakonyi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-4-4","article-title":"Habitat characterization and spatial distribution of Anopheles sp. mosquito larvae in Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) during an extended dry period","volume":"4","author":"Sattler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(92)90089-5","article-title":"The house fly Musca domestica as a carrier of pathogenic microorganisms in a Hospital Environment","volume":"20","author":"Fotedar","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Kettle, D.S. (1990). Muscidae (Houseflies, Stableflies) Medical and Veterinary Entomology, CAB International."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.6.1300-1303.1997","article-title":"Vector potential of houseflies (Musca domestica) for Helicobacter pylori","volume":"35","author":"Grubel","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.4236\/jbnb.2017.82011","article-title":"Bioinspired synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticle and its combined efficacy with different antibiotics against multidrug resistant bacteria","volume":"8","author":"Ehsan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2019.101103","article-title":"Fungal strain impacts the shape, bioactivity and multifunctional properties of green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles","volume":"19","author":"Mohamed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19996","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76402-w","article-title":"Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles by cell-biomass and supernatant of Lactobacillus plantarum TA4 and its antibacterial and biocompatibility properties","volume":"10","author":"Yusof","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Belely, E.F., Farag, M., Said, H.A., Amin, A.S., Azab, E., Gobouri, A.A., and Fouda, A. (2021). Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using Arthrospira platensis (Class: Cyanophyceae) and evaluation of their biomedical activities. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11010095"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s13204-017-0586-7","article-title":"Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using leaf extract of Calotropis gigantea: Characterization and its evaluation on tree seedling growth in nursery stage","volume":"7","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1007\/s12668-021-00846-1","article-title":"Green phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Echinochloa stagnina extract with reference to their antibacterial, cytotoxic, and larvicidal activities","volume":"11","author":"Shehabeldine","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioNanoScience"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2021.102401","article-title":"Green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using novel endophytic Rothia endophytica: Characterization and anticandidal activity","volume":"62","author":"Elbahnasawy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"00175","article-title":"Green and chemical synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and size evaluation by UV\u2013vis spectroscopy","volume":"7","author":"Mohammadian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nanomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"2347","article-title":"Germination and growth characteristics of mungbean seeds (Vigna radiata L.) affected by synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles","volume":"4","author":"Jayarambabu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2020.104466","article-title":"Biogenic synthesis of aromatic cardamom-wrapped zinc oxide nanoparticles and their potential antibacterial and mosquito larvicidal activity: An effective eco-friendly approach","volume":"8","author":"Vinotha","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.11.011","article-title":"Metal oxide nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents: A promise for the future","volume":"49","author":"Raghunath","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner, G., Korenkov, V., Judy, J.D., and Bertsch, P.M. (2016). Nanoparticles composed of Zn and ZnO inhibit Peronospora tabacina spore germination in vitro and P. tabacina infectivity on tobacco leaves. Nanomaterials, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano6030050"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-015-0040-x","article-title":"Review on zinc oxide nanoparticles: Antibacterial activity and toxicity mechanism","volume":"7","author":"Sirelkhatim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01218","article-title":"Mechanism of anti-bacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticle against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"9","author":"Tiwari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"500","article-title":"Effect of dimethoate pesticide on oxygen consumption and gill histology of the fish, Channa punctatus","volume":"5","author":"Jothinarendiran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Biotica"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1080\/03601234.2012.632285","article-title":"Histopathological alterations in gill, liver and kidney of common carp exposed to chlorpyrifos","volume":"47","author":"Pal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health A"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"371","article-title":"Histopathological Alterations in Gills, Liver and Kidney of Common Carp, Cyprinus Carpio L. Exposed to Lead Acetate","volume":"5","author":"Mustafa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11608","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-07775-8","article-title":"Growth performance and hemato-immunological responses of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to deltamethrin and fed immunobiotics","volume":"27","author":"Dawood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2020.10.049","article-title":"A comparative study on the effects of selected pesticides on hemato-biochemistry and tissue histology of freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822)","volume":"28","author":"Ghayyur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1080\/10934520701792779","article-title":"Comparative toxicity of several metal oxide nanoparticle aqueous suspensions to zebra fish (Danio rerio) early developmental stage","volume":"43","author":"Zhu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health A"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195103","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/20\/19\/195103","article-title":"The impact of ZnO nanoparticle aggregates on the embryonic development of zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"20","author":"Zhu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elbahnasawy, M.A., El-Naggar, H.A., Kalaba, M.H., Moghannem, S.A., Abd-El Rahman, I.E., Abdelzaher, O.F., Mabrouk, M.M., Gewida, A.G.A., AbdEl-Kader, M.F., and Hasaballah, A.I. (2023). Biosynthesized ZnO-NPs using sea cucumber, Holothuria impatiens: Antimicrobial potential, Insecticidal activity and toxicity to the non-target Nile Tilapia fish, Oreochromis niloticus. Separations, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/separations10030173"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Edwards, A.J., and Head, S.M. (1987). Red Sea (Key Environments), Pergamon Press."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Cherbonnier, G. (1988). Echinodermes: Holothuries. Faune de Madagascar, 70, ORSTOM."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Erwin, D.G., and Picton, B.E. (1990). Guide to Inshore Marine Life, Immel Publishing."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Lieske, E., and Myers, R.F. (2004). Coral Reef Guide Red Sea: The Definitive Guide to Over 1200 Species of Underwater Life, London Harper Collins."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00046168","article-title":"Antibiotic activity of lipid-soluble extracts from Caribbean marine algae","volume":"151","author":"Ballantine","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalaba, M.H., Moghannem, S.A., El-Hawary, A.S., Radwan, A.A., Sharaf, M.H., and Shaban, A.S. (2021). Green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles mediated by Streptomyces plicatus: Characterizations, antimicrobial and nematicidal activities and cytogenetic effects. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10091760"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selim, T.A., Abd-El Rahman, I.E., Mahran, H.A., Adam, H.A.M., Imieje, V., Zaki, A.A., Bashar, M.A.E., Hwihy, H., Hamed, A., and Elhenawy, A.A. (2022). Mosquitocidal Activity of the Methanolic Extract of Annickia chlorantha and Its Isolated Compounds against Culex pipiens, and Their Impact on the Non-Target Organism Zebrafish, Danio Rerio. Insects, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects13080676"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.4001\/003.029.0479","article-title":"Lethality and Vitality Efficiency of Different Extracts of Salix safsaf Leaves against the House Fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae)","volume":"29","author":"Hasaballah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Afr. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2005). Guidelines for Laboratory and Field Testing of Mosquito Larvicides, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"11","article-title":"The WHO Programme for the Evaluation and Testing of New Insecticides","volume":"44","author":"Wright","year":"1971","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Org."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-021-03702-w","article-title":"Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic Activities and Phytochemical Analysis of Fungal Endophytes Isolated from Ocimum Basilicum","volume":"194","author":"Sharaf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Mount, D.I. (1988). Methods for Aquatic Toxicity Identification Evaluations: Phase I: Toxicity Characterization Procedures."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"417","article-title":"Histological and histochemical studies on the effects of methotrexate on the liver of adult male albino rat","volume":"24","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Morphol."}],"container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/21\/8\/437\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:24:34Z","timestamp":1760127874000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/21\/8\/437"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["md21080437"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md21080437","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-3397"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-3397","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]]}}}