{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T22:29:26Z","timestamp":1785536966806,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diatom microalgae are a natural source of fossil biosilica shells, namely the diatomaceous earth (DE), abundantly available at low cost. High surface area, mesoporosity and biocompatibility, as well as the availability of a variety of approaches for surface chemical modification, make DE highly profitable as a nanostructured material for drug delivery applications. Despite this, the studies reported so far in the literature are generally limited to the development of biohybrid systems for drug delivery by oral or parenteral administration. Here we demonstrate the suitability of diatomaceous earth properly functionalized on the surface with n-octyl chains as an efficient system for local drug delivery to skin tissues. Naproxen was selected as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory model drug for experiments performed both in vitro by immersion of the drug-loaded DE in an artificial sweat solution and, for the first time, by trans-epidermal drug permeation through a 3D-organotypic tissue that better mimics the in vivo permeation mechanism of drugs in human skin tissues. Octyl chains were demonstrated to both favour the DE adhesion onto porcine skin tissues and to control the gradual release and the trans-epidermal permeation of Naproxen within 24 h of the beginning of experiments. The evidence of the viability of human epithelial cells after permeation of the drug released from diatomaceous earth, also confirmed the biocompatibility with human skin of both Naproxen and mesoporous biosilica from diatom microalgae, disclosing promising applications of these drug-delivery systems for therapies of skin diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md21080438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T11:23:03Z","timestamp":1691061783000},"page":"438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Drug Delivery through Epidermal Tissue Cells by Functionalized Biosilica from Diatom Microalgae"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7385-3918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danilo","family":"Vona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Via Orabona 4, I-70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5464-3270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annarita","family":"Flemma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Via Orabona 4, I-70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Piccapane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics Department, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Via Orabona 4, I-70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Cotugno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Via Orabona 4, I-70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7446-7445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania Roberta","family":"Cicco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for the Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (ICCOM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Chemistry Department, Via Orabona 4, I-70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1419-1528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenza","family":"Armenise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Via Orabona 4, I-70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0438-4887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesar","family":"Vicente-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Via Orabona 4, I-70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Michela","family":"Giangregorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nanotechnology (Nanotec), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Chemistry Department, Via Orabona 4, I-70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0043-7523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Procino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics Department, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Via Orabona 4, I-70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0451-7096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Ragni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Via Orabona 4, I-70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704289","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201704289","article-title":"Multiple Routes to Smart Nanostructured Materials from Diatom Microalgae: A Chemical Perspective","volume":"30","author":"Ragni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. 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