{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:11:47Z","timestamp":1792113107161,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Rector of Padjadjaran University via the Directorate of Research and Community Engagement","award":["1959\/UN6.3.1\/PT.00\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1959\/UN6.3.1\/PT.00\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Rector of Padjadjaran University via the Directorate of Research and Community Engagement","award":["1959\/UN6.3.1\/PT.00\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1959\/UN6.3.1\/PT.00\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Peptic ulcer disease is generated by the activation of NF-kappaB activity. A recent clinical study reported a significant increase in NF-kappaB2 gene expression in 79 samples of peptic ulcer patients compared to the control group. Moreover, the deacetylated chitin could alter the translocation of NF-kappaB p65 to the nucleus. Considering this, our work aims to explore the effect of chitin extracted from the shell of blue swimming crabs (Portunus pelagicus Linn.) towards NF-kappaB p65 levels in ethanol-induced gastric ulcerative Wistar rats. The shells are found abundantly as the waste of seafood processing in the northern part of West Java, Indonesia. In this study, chitin extraction was carried out using the microwave-assisted extraction method by employing choline chloride (C5H14ClNO) and DL-malic acid (C\u2084H\u2086O\u2085) as the solvents. The inhibitory activity assay of chitin on the expression of NF-kappaB p65 was performed by using Western blot. The extraction yielded a good quality of chitin with a deacetylation degree of 30.8026%, molecular weight of 3.35 \u00d7 105 Da, and a negligible heavy metals level. Moreover, chitin extract at doses of 150, 300, and 600 mg\/kg BW significantly reduced the percentage of gastric ulcer index compared to the negative control group. Meanwhile, chitin extract at doses of 300 and 600 mg\/kg BW significantly inhibited NF-kappaB expression compared to the negative control group. Histopathological examination demonstrated a decrease in the number of necrotic cells and fat degeneration in the gastric mucosa and an increase in normal cells. Taken together, chitin extract obtained from the shells of blue swimming crabs may be able to prevent gastric ulcers induced by ethanol via the inhibition of NF-kappaB p65; however, further studies are needed to verify its anti-ulcerative properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md21090488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T21:41:12Z","timestamp":1694554872000},"page":"488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Chitin Extracted from the Shell of Blue Swimming Crabs (Portunus pelagicus Linn.) Inhibits NF-kappaB p65 in Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcerative Wistar Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8841-2880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renny","family":"Amelia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy Muhammadiyah Cirebon, Cirebon 45153, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sri Adi","family":"Sumiwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2406-9411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nyi Mekar","family":"Saptarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4578-4174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jutti","family":"Levita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-12-86","article-title":"The Complexity of NF-\u03baB Signaling in Inflammation and Cancer","volume":"12","author":"Hoesel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. 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