{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T23:13:56Z","timestamp":1780528436088,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]],"date-time":"2023-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pusan National University","award":["1711196546"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1711196546"]}]},{"name":"Pusan National University","award":["RS-2023-00238605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00238605"]}]},{"name":"Korea Medical Device Development Fund","award":["1711196546"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1711196546"]}]},{"name":"Korea Medical Device Development Fund","award":["RS-2023-00238605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00238605"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The inherent self-repair abilities of the body often fall short when it comes to addressing injuries in soft tissues like skin, nerves, and cartilage. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have concentrated their research efforts on creating natural biomaterials to overcome this intrinsic healing limitation. This comprehensive review delves into the advancement of such biomaterials using substances and components sourced from marine origins. These marine-derived materials offer a sustainable alternative to traditional mammal-derived sources, harnessing their advantageous biological traits including sustainability, scalability, reduced zoonotic disease risks, and fewer religious restrictions. The use of diverse engineering methodologies, ranging from nanoparticle engineering and decellularization to 3D bioprinting and electrospinning, has been employed to fabricate scaffolds based on marine biomaterials. Additionally, this review assesses the most promising aspects in this field while acknowledging existing constraints and outlining necessary future steps for advancement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md21120611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T03:35:06Z","timestamp":1701056106000},"page":"611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Recent Advances in Marine Biomaterials Tailored and Primed for the Treatment of Damaged Soft Tissues"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6375-5038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moon Sung","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyo Jung","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee Jeong","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7309-5977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bongju","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Life Science Research Institute\/Innovation Research & Support Center for Dental Science, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4793-9125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tae Gon","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Device Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheonju-si 28160, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8314-1981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-Wook","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Nano-Bio Convergence, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700715","article-title":"Tissue engineering for cutaneous wounds","volume":"127","author":"Clark","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0358.70712","article-title":"Biologic and synthetic skin substitutes: An overview","volume":"43","author":"Halim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian. J. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2022.12.013","article-title":"Infection and clinical xenotransplantation: Guidance from the Infectious Disease Community of Practice of the American Society of Transplantation","volume":"23","author":"Mehta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2016.123","article-title":"A decade of progress in tissue engineering","volume":"11","author":"Khademhosseini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-022-01591-3","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities for the next generation of cardiovascular tissue engineering","volume":"19","author":"Cho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-019-0255-1","article-title":"Surgical and tissue engineering strategies for articular cartilage and meniscus repair","volume":"15","author":"Kwon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.197","article-title":"Scaffolding polymeric biomaterials: Are naturally occurring biological macromolecules more appropriate for tissue engineering?","volume":"134","author":"Abbasian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.109927","article-title":"The immune reaction and degradation fate of scaffold in cartilage\/bone tissue engineering","volume":"104","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, D.F. (2019). Challenges with the development of biomaterials for sustainable tissue engineering. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2019.00127"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtsust.2023.100445","article-title":"Sustainable aquatic waste and by-products processing: Biomaterials in tissue engineering facts and gaps","volume":"23","author":"Kozaci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Sustain."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.05.082","article-title":"Valorization of discarded Marine Eel fish skin for collagen extraction as a 3D printable blue biomaterial for tissue engineering","volume":"230","author":"Govindharaj","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.01.009","article-title":"Study of the immunologic response of marine-derived collagen and gelatin extracts for tissue engineering applications","volume":"141","author":"Alves","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvalho, D.N., Williams, D.S., Sotelo, C.G., P\u00e9rez-Mart\u00edn, R.I., Mearns-Spragg, A., Reis, R.L., and Silva, T.H. (2022). Marine origin biomaterials using a compressive and absorption methodology as cell-laden hydrogel envisaging cartilage tissue engineering. Biomater. Adv., 137.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2022.212843"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, M.S., Park, R., Jo, H.J., Shin, Y.C., Kim, C.-S., Hyon, S.-H., Hong, S.W., Oh, J., and Han, D.-W. (2023). Spontaneous Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Tuna-Bone-Derived Hydroxyapatite Composites with Green Tea Polyphenol-Reduced Graphene Oxide. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202305.0126.v1"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kostopoulos, V., Kotrotsos, A., Fouriki, K., Kalarakis, A., and Portan, D. (2020). Fabrication and characterization of polyetherimide electrospun scaffolds modified with graphene nano-platelets and hydroxyapatite nano-particles. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21020583"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy, V.C., Islam, M.R., Sadia, S., Yeasmin, M., Park, J.-S., Lee, H.-J., and Chun, B.-S. (2023). Trash to treasure: An up-to-date understanding of the valorization of seafood by-products, targeting the major bioactive compounds. Mar. Drug, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/md21090485"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2009.06.018","article-title":"Chitin-based scaffolds are an integral part of the skeleton of the marine demosponge Ianthella basta","volume":"168","author":"Brunner","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2010.05.007","article-title":"Three-dimensional chitin-based scaffolds from Verongida sponges (Demospongiae: Porifera). Part I. Isolation and identification of chitin","volume":"47","author":"Ehrlich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"100037","article-title":"A study on structural comparisons of \u03b1-chitin extracted from marine crustacean shell waste","volume":"2","author":"Mohan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaala, L.A., Asfour, H.Z., Youssef, D.T., \u017b\u00f3\u0142towska-Aksamitowska, S., Wysokowski, M., Tsurkan, M., Galli, R., Meissner, H., Petrenko, I., and Tabachnick, K. (2019). New source of 3D chitin scaffolds: The Red Sea demosponge Pseudoceratina arabica (Pseudoceratinidae, Verongiida). Mar. Drugs, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/md17020092"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.3390\/md11041271","article-title":"Brominated skeletal components of the marine demosponges, Aplysina cavernicola and Ianthella basta: Analytical and biochemical investigations","volume":"11","author":"Kunze","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3390\/polym7020235","article-title":"Poriferan chitin as a versatile template for extreme biomimetics","volume":"7","author":"Wysokowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2288","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-015-0739-5","article-title":"Extreme biomimetic approach for developing novel chitin-GeO2 nanocomposites with photoluminescent properties","volume":"8","author":"Wysokowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.161","article-title":"Novel chitin scaffolds derived from marine sponge Ianthella basta for tissue engineering approaches based on human mesenchymal stromal cells: Biocompatibility and cryopreservation","volume":"104","author":"Mutsenko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macha\u0142owski, T., Rusak, A., Wiatrak, B., Haczkiewicz-Le\u015bniak, K., Popiel, A., Jaroszewicz, J., \u017bak, A., Podhorska-Oko\u0142\u00f3w, M., and Jesionowski, T. (2021). Naturally formed chitinous skeleton isolated from the marine demosponge Aplysina fistularis as a 3D scaffold for tissue engineering. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14112992"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2011.06.004","article-title":"Modulation of cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation on materials designed for body implants","volume":"29","author":"Bacakova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24509","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ra43710h","article-title":"Influence of plasma protein\u2013hydrogel interaction moderated by absorption of water on long-term cell viability in amphiphilic biosynthetic hydrogels","volume":"3","author":"Thankam","year":"2013","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rastogi, P., and Kandasubramanian, B. (2019). Review of alginate-based hydrogel bioprinting for application in tissue engineering. Biofabrication, 11.","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/ab331e"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s40204-015-0041-3","article-title":"PEG-penetrated chitosan\u2013alginate co-polysaccharide-based partially and fully cross-linked hydrogels as ECM mimic for tissue engineering applications","volume":"4","author":"Radhakrishnan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s13233-009-0068-1","article-title":"Preparation and biocompatibility study of gelatin\/kappa-carrageenan scaffolds","volume":"18","author":"Lim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Macromol. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.4186\/ej.2013.17.3.57","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of glutaraldehyde-crosslinked kappa carrageenan hydrogel","volume":"17","author":"Distantina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.01.067","article-title":"RETRACTED: Carrageenan: A natural seaweed polysaccharide and its applications","volume":"105","author":"Prajapati","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.126","article-title":"Sprayable and injectable visible-light Kappa-carrageenan hydrogel for in-situ soft tissue engineering","volume":"138","author":"Tavakoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.02.002","article-title":"Synergistic effect of \u03ba-carrageenan and gelatin blends towards adipose tissue engineering","volume":"189","author":"Tytgat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12362","DOI":"10.1039\/C6NR02299E","article-title":"Injectable shear-thinning nanoengineered hydrogels for stem cell delivery","volume":"8","author":"Thakur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.241","article-title":"Microwave assisted methacrylation of Kappa carrageenan: A bioink for cartilage tissue engineering","volume":"164","author":"Irmak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules13081671","article-title":"Fucoidan: Structure and bioactivity","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1614484","article-title":"Antithrombotic and anticoagulant activities of a low molecular weight fucoidan by the subcutaneous route","volume":"81","author":"Millet","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luthuli, S., Wu, S., Cheng, Y., Zheng, X., Wu, M., and Tong, H. (2019). Therapeutic effects of fucoidan: A review on recent studies. Mar. Drugs, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/md17090487"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Xing, M., Cao, Q., Ji, A., Liang, H., and Song, S. (2019). Biological activities of fucoidan and the factors mediating its therapeutic effects: A review of recent studies. Mar. Drugs, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/md17030183"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2022.01.039","article-title":"Health benefits and potential applications of fucoidan (FCD) extracted from brown seaweeds in aquaculture: An updated review","volume":"122","author":"Dawood","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1002\/term.1752","article-title":"Effect of basic fibroblast growth factor released from chitosan\u2013fucoidan nanoparticles on neurite extension","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.08.029","article-title":"Multifunctional laminarin microparticles for cell adhesion and expansion","volume":"202","author":"Martins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuznetsova, T.A., Andryukov, B.G., Besednova, N.N., Zaporozhets, T.S., and Kalinin, A.V. (2020). Marine algae polysaccharides as basis for wound dressings, drug delivery, and tissue engineering: A review. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse8070481"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.04.074","article-title":"Ulvan, a bioactive marine sulphated polysaccharide as a key constituent of hybrid biomaterials: A review","volume":"218","author":"Tziveleka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.117025","article-title":"Green seaweeds ulvan-cellulose scaffolds enhance in vitro cell growth and in vivo angiogenesis for skin tissue engineering","volume":"251","author":"Madub","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3497","DOI":"10.1039\/C9BM00480G","article-title":"Development of rhamnose-rich hydrogels based on sulfated xylorhamno-uronic acid toward wound healing applications","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.1039\/D0BM01784A","article-title":"3D bioprinting dermal-like structures using species-specific ulvan","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Irastorza-Lorenzo, A., S\u00e1nchez-Porras, D., Ortiz-Arrabal, O., de Frutos, M.J., Esteban, E., Fern\u00e1ndez, J., Janer, A., Campos, A., Campos, F., and Alaminos, M. (2021). Evaluation of marine agarose biomaterials for tissue engineering applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041923"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.01.060","article-title":"Agarose-based biomaterials for tissue engineering","volume":"187","author":"Zarrintaj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.219","article-title":"Three-dimensional porous scaffolds based on agarose\/chitosan\/graphene oxide composite for tissue engineering","volume":"146","author":"Sivashankari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"172","article-title":"Collagen\u2013based scaffolds for skin tissue engineering","volume":"4","author":"Gaspar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Life"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3311","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1647","article-title":"Construction of a complete rabbit cornea substitute using a fibrin-agarose scaffold","volume":"47","author":"Alaminos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortiz-Arrabal, O., Irastorza-Lorenzo, A., Campos, F., Mart\u00edn-Piedra, M.\u00c1., Carriel, V., Garz\u00f3n, I., \u00c1vila-Fern\u00e1ndez, P., de Frutos, M.J., Esteban, E., and Fern\u00e1ndez, J. (2023). Fibrin and Marine-Derived Agaroses for the Generation of Human Bioartificial Tissues: An Ex Vivo and In Vivo Study. Mar. Drugs, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/md21030187"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jim.7000298","article-title":"Deep-sea hydrothermal vents: A new source of innovative bacterial exopolysaccharides of biotechnological interest?","volume":"29","author":"Guezennec","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2004.11.021","article-title":"Effect of an oversulfated exopolysaccharide on angiogenesis induced by fibroblast growth factor-2 or vascular endothelial growth factor in vitro","volume":"69","author":"Matou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.3727\/096368910X557191","article-title":"The effect of two-and three-dimensional cell culture on the chondrogenic potential of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells after subcutaneous transplantation with an injectable hydrogel","volume":"20","author":"Merceron","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Transpl."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1002\/term.2018","article-title":"Enriching a cellulose hydrogel with a biologically active marine exopolysaccharide for cell-based cartilage engineering","volume":"11","author":"Rederstorff","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2011.01.025","article-title":"An in vitro study of two GAG-like marine polysaccharides incorporated into injectable hydrogels for bone and cartilage tissue engineering","volume":"7","author":"Rederstorff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6215(99)00214-1","article-title":"Structure of the exopolysaccharide of Vibriodiabolicus isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent","volume":"322","author":"Rougeaux","year":"1999","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2006.09.053","article-title":"Isolation and partial characterization of pepsin-soluble collagen from the skin of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)","volume":"103","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12450","article-title":"Collagen: A review on its sources and potential cosmetic applications","volume":"17","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felician, F.F., Xia, C., Qi, W., and Xu, H. (2018). Collagen from marine biological sources and medical applications. Chem. Biodivers., 15.","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201700557"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.09.041","article-title":"Natural collagenic skeleton of marine sponges in pharmaceutics: Innovative biomaterial for topical drug delivery","volume":"70","author":"Langasco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coppola, D., Oliviero, M., Vitale, G.A., Lauritano, C., D\u2019Ambra, I., Iannace, S., and de Pascale, D. (2020). Marine collagen from alternative and sustainable sources: Extraction, processing and applications. Mar. Drugs, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/md18040214"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jesionowski, T., Norman, M., \u017b\u00f3\u0142towska-Aksamitowska, S., Petrenko, I., Joseph, Y., and Ehrlich, H. (2018). Marine spongin: Naturally prefabricated 3D scaffold-based biomaterial. Mar. Drugs, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/md16030088"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3452","DOI":"10.1021\/bm700574y","article-title":"Ultrastructural studies on the collagen of the marine sponge Chondrosia reniformis Nardo","volume":"8","author":"Heinemann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2512","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.0c00516","article-title":"Fabrication of biohybrid cellulose acetate-collagen bilayer matrices as nanofibrous spongy dressing material for wound-healing application","volume":"21","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbz036","article-title":"A comparative study of two porous sponge scaffolds prepared by collagen derived from porcine skin and fish scales as burn wound dressings in a rabbit model","volume":"7","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Regen. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.07.034","article-title":"Hydrogels derived from cartilage matrices promote induction of human mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenic differentiation","volume":"43","author":"Burnsed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201300228","article-title":"Porous hydrogels from shark skin collagen crosslinked under dense carbon dioxide atmosphere","volume":"13","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1080\/10498850.2013.865283","article-title":"Characterization of collagen from different discarded fish species of the west coast of the Iberian Peninsula","volume":"25","author":"Sotelo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Aquat. Food Prod. Technol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.111587","article-title":"Prionace glauca skin collagen bioengineered constructs as a promising approach to trigger cartilage regeneration","volume":"120","author":"Diogo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2023.104206","article-title":"The emergence of jellyfish collagen: A comprehensive review on research progress, industrial applications, and future opportunities","volume":"141","author":"Chiarelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonaccorsi, G., Garamella, G., Cavallo, G., and Lorini, C. (2020). A systematic review of risk assessment associated with jellyfish consumption as a potential novel food. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9070935"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2012.02.002","article-title":"Interannual variability in the Northern California Current food web structure: Changes in energy flow pathways and the role of forage fish, euphausiids, and jellyfish","volume":"102","author":"Ruzicka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"2","article-title":"Combined jellyfish collagen type II, human stem cells and Tgf-\u03b23 as a therapeutic implant for cartilage repair","volume":"7","author":"Pugliano","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.08.023","article-title":"Biocompatibility and inflammatory response in vitro and in vivo to gelatin-based biomaterials with tailorable elastic properties","volume":"35","author":"Ullm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaspar-Pintiliescu, A., Stefan, L.M., Anton, E.D., Berger, D., Matei, C., Negreanu-Pirjol, T., and Moldovan, L. (2019). Physicochemical and biological properties of gelatin extracted from marine snail Rapana venosa. Mar. Drugs, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/md17100589"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves, A.L., Carvalho, A.C., Machado, I., Diogo, G.S., Fernandes, E.M., Castro, V.I., Pires, R.A., V\u00e1zquez, J.A., P\u00e9rez-Mart\u00edn, R.I., and Alaminos, M. (2023). Cell-Laden Marine Gelatin Methacryloyl Hydrogels Enriched with Ascorbic Acid for Corneal Stroma Regeneration. Bioengineering, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10010062"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, E., Fernandes, R., Alves, A.L., Sousa, R.O., Reis, R.L., and Silva, T.H. (2022). Skin byproducts of reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Greenland Halibut) as ecosustainable source of marine collagen. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app122111282"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Machado, I., Marques, C.F., Martins, E., Alves, A.L., Reis, R.L., and Silva, T.H. (2023). Marine Gelatin-Methacryloyl-Based Hydrogels as Cell Templates for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15071674"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TB00704C","article-title":"Extracellular matrix-inspired assembly of glycosaminoglycan\u2013collagen fibers","volume":"5","author":"Carretero","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.6b00180","article-title":"Fucoidan hydrogels photo-cross-linked with visible radiation as matrices for cell culture","volume":"2","author":"Reys","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvalho, D.N., L\u00f3pez-Cebral, R., Sousa, R.O., Alves, A.L., Reys, L.L., Silva, S.S., Oliveira, J.M., Reis, R.L., and Silva, T.H. (2020). Marine collagen-chitosan-fucoidan cryogels as cell-laden biocomposites envisaging tissue engineering. Biomed. Mater., 15.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/ab9f04"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvalho, D.N., Gelinsky, M., Williams, D.S., Mearns-Spragg, A., Reis, R.L., and Silva, T.H. (2023). Marine collagen-chitosan-fucoidan\/chondroitin sulfate cryo-biomaterials loaded with primary human cells envisaging cartilage tissue engineering. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 241.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124510"}],"container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/21\/12\/611\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:30:19Z","timestamp":1760131819000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/21\/12\/611"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["md21120611"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md21120611","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-3397"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-3397","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]]}}}