{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T22:34:36Z","timestamp":1782513276608,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fund for University Research (FFR 2023) of Palermo University","award":["CN_00000033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CN_00000033"]}]},{"name":"Fund for University Research (FFR 2023) of Palermo University","award":["CUP B73C22000790001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B73C22000790001"]}]},{"name":"Project National Biodiversity Future Center","award":["CN_00000033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CN_00000033"]}]},{"name":"Project National Biodiversity Future Center","award":["CUP B73C22000790001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B73C22000790001"]}]},{"name":"D.D. MUR n. 1034-17\/06\/2022 granting of financing","award":["CN_00000033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CN_00000033"]}]},{"name":"D.D. MUR n. 1034-17\/06\/2022 granting of financing","award":["CUP B73C22000790001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B73C22000790001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sea anemones are valuable for therapeutic research as a diversified source of bioactive molecules, due to their diverse bioactive molecules linked to predation and defence mechanisms involving toxins and antimicrobial peptides. Acid extracts from Actinia equina tentacles and body were examined for antibacterial activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi. The peptide fractions showed interesting minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values (up to 0.125 \u00b5g\/mL) against the tested pathogens. Further investigation and characterization of tentacle acid extracts with significant antimicrobial activity led to the purification of peptides through reverse phase chromatography on solid phase and HPLC. Broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptide activity was found in 40% acetonitrile fractions. The resulting peptides had a molecular mass of 2612.91 and 3934.827 Da and MIC ranging from 0.06 to 0.20 mg\/mL. Sequencing revealed similarities to AMPs found in amphibians, fish, and Cnidaria, with anti-Gram+, Gram-, antifungal, candidacidal, anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, carbapenemase-producing, vancomycin-resistant bacteria, and multi-drug resistant activity. Peptides 6.2 and 7.3, named Equinin A and B, respectively, were synthesized and evaluated in vitro towards the above-mentioned bacterial pathogens. Equinin B exerted interesting antibacterial activity (MIC and bactericidal concentrations of 1 mg\/mL and 0.25 mg\/mL, respectively) and gene organization supporting its potential in applied research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md22040172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T09:28:06Z","timestamp":1712914086000},"page":"172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Equinins as Novel Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Peptides Isolated from the Cnidarian Actinia equina (Linnaeus, 1758)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5816-2657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"La Corte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"NBFC\u2014National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9439-0980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Catania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NBFC\u2014National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1122-6131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariano","family":"Dara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"NBFC\u2014National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Parrinello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"NBFC\u2014National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariele","family":"Staropoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"NBFC\u2014National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Rosa","family":"Trapani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5497-1246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Cammarata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"NBFC\u2014National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5462-0596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Giovanna","family":"Parisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"NBFC\u2014National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Fischer, W., Bauchot, M.L., and Schneider, M. 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