{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T13:00:50Z","timestamp":1792069250678,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NCBR","award":["POIR.04.01.04-00-0077\/20-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POIR.04.01.04-00-0077\/20-00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The process of crosslinking improves the physicochemical properties of biopolymer-based composites, making them valuable for biomedical applications. EDC\/NHS-crosslinked collagen materials have a significant potential for tissue engineering applications, due to their enhanced properties and biocompatibility. Chemical crosslinking of samples can be carried out in several ways, which is crucial and has a direct effect on the final properties of the obtained material. In this study, the effect of crosslinking conditions on the properties of collagen films using EDC and NHS was investigated. Studies included FTIR spectroscopy, AFM, swelling and degradation tests, mechanical testing and contact angle measurements. Evaluation of prepared collagen films indicated that both crosslinking agents and crosslinking conditions influenced film properties. Notable alternations were observed in the infrared spectrum of the sample, to which EDC was added directly to the fish collagen solution. The same sample indicated the lowest Young modulus, tensile strength and breaking force parameters and the highest elongation at break. All samples reached the maximum swelling degree two hours after immersion in PBS solution; however, the immersion-crosslinked samples exhibited a significantly lower degree of swelling and were highly durable. The highest roughness was observed for the collagen film crosslinked with EDC, whereas the lowest was observed for the specimen crosslinked with EDC with NHS addition. The crosslinking agents increased the surface roughness of the collagen film, except for the sample modified with the addition of EDC and NHS mixture. All films were characterized by hydrophilic character. The films\u2019 modification resulted in a decrease in their hydrophilicity and wettability. Our research allows for a comparison of proposed EDC\/NHS crosslinking conditions and their influence on the physicochemical properties of fish collagen thin films. EDC and NHS are promising crosslinking agents for the modification of fish collagen used in biomedical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md22050194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T08:08:32Z","timestamp":1714032512000},"page":"194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["The Influence of Various Crosslinking Conditions of EDC\/NHS on the Properties of Fish Collagen Film"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1551-2725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Sionkowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetic Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0825-1774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Kulka-Kami\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetic Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrycja","family":"Brudzy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetic Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8380-4009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Lewandowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetic Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Piwowarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SanColl Sp. z o. o., Juliusza S\u0142owackiego 24, 35-060 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coppola, D., Olivero, M., Vitale, G.A., Lauritano, C., D\u2019Ambra, I., Iannace, S., and de Pascale, D. 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