{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T12:24:24Z","timestamp":1783686264037,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, Korea","award":["20220027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220027"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, Korea","award":["2018R1A5A2025272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018R1A5A2025272"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, Korea","award":["2020R1I1A3A04037939"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1I1A3A04037939"]}]},{"name":"Korean government (MSIT)","award":["20220027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220027"]}]},{"name":"Korean government (MSIT)","award":["2018R1A5A2025272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018R1A5A2025272"]}]},{"name":"Korean government (MSIT)","award":["2020R1I1A3A04037939"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1I1A3A04037939"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["20220027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220027"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["2018R1A5A2025272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018R1A5A2025272"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["2020R1I1A3A04037939"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1I1A3A04037939"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Deep seawater (DS), obtained from a depth over 200 m, has health benefits due to its rich nutrients and minerals, and intake of DS has shown diverse immunomodulatory effects in allergies and cancer. Therefore, the immunostimulatory effects of Korean mineral-rich seawaters were examined in a cyclophosphamide (CPA)-induced immunosuppression model. Three samples of Korean seawater, namely DS from the East Sea off the coasts of Pohang (PDS) and Uljin (UDS), and seawater from the West Sea off the coast of Boryeong (BS), were collected. The seawaters were abundant in several minerals (calcium, iron, zinc, selenium, etc.). Mice were orally administered the seawaters for 42 days, followed by CPA-induced immunosuppression. The CPA induction reduced the weight of the spleen and lymph nodes; however, the administration of seawaters increased the weight of the lymphoid organs, accompanied by stimulation of natural killer cells\u2019 activity and NF-kB-mediated cytokine production (IFN\u03b3, TNF\u03b1, IL1\u03b2, IL6, and IL12). The mouse-derived splenocytes showed lymphoproliferation without cytotoxicity in the seawater groups. Histopathological analysis revealed that the seawaters improved the CPA-induced atrophic changes by promoting lymphoproliferation in the spleen and lymph nodes. These results provide useful information for the use of Korean mineral-rich seawaters, particularly PDS and UDS, as alternative immunostimulants under immunosuppressive conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md22060234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T06:54:09Z","timestamp":1716360849000},"page":"234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Immunostimulatory Effects of Korean Mineral-Rich Seawaters on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Choong-Gon","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Ecosystem Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6326-0307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Ho","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Ecosystem Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Ocean Science and Technology School, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1269-3804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sae-Kwang","family":"Ku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8842-462X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang-Hyun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-018-0278-1","article-title":"An introduction to immunology and immunopathology","volume":"14","author":"Marshall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin. 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