{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T01:40:27Z","timestamp":1767922827764,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82173732"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82173732"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Kainoid synthases are key enzymes in the biosynthesis of kainoids. Kainoids, as represented by DA and KA, are a class of naturally occurring non-protein amino acids with strong neurotransmitter activity in the mammalian central nervous system. Marine algae kainoid synthases include PnDabC from diatoms, which synthesizes domoic acid (DA), and DsKabC and GfKabC from red algae, which synthesize kainic acid (KA). Elucidation of the catalytic mechanism of kainoid synthases is of great significance for the rational design of better biocatalysts to promote the industrial production of kainoids for use in new drugs. Through modeling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations, we investigated the conformational dynamics of kainoid synthases. We found that the kainoid synthase complexes showed different stability in the simulation, and the binding and catalytic processes showed significant conformational transformations of kainoid synthase. The residues involved in specific interactions with the substrate contributed to the binding energy throughout the simulation process. Binding energy, the relaxed active pocket, electrostatic potential energy of the active pocket, the number and rotation of aromatic residues interacting with substrates during catalysis, and the number and frequency of hydrogen bonds between the individual functional groups revealed the structure\u2013activity relationships and affected the degree of promiscuity of kainoid synthases. Our research enriches the understanding of the conformational dynamics of kainoid synthases and has potential guiding significance for their rational design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md22070326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T12:20:38Z","timestamp":1721650838000},"page":"326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Molecular Dynamics Simulation Reveal the Structure\u2013Activity Relationships of Kainoid Synthases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2249-9989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeyu","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinhao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruoyu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinqian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fangyu","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingjuan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lianghua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201023666220624123116","article-title":"Biosynthesis and Detection of Domoic Acid from Diatom Pseudo-nitzschia: A Review","volume":"24","author":"Nie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. 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