{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T18:24:30Z","timestamp":1779301470367,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF)","award":["RS-2023-00248832"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00248832"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF)","award":["20220042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220042"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF)","award":["2018R1A61A03023584"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018R1A61A03023584"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF)","award":["RS-2023-00218659"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00218659"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries","award":["RS-2023-00248832"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00248832"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries","award":["20220042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220042"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries","award":["2018R1A61A03023584"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018R1A61A03023584"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries","award":["RS-2023-00218659"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00218659"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation, Republic of Korea","award":["RS-2023-00248832"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00248832"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation, Republic of Korea","award":["20220042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220042"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation, Republic of Korea","award":["2018R1A61A03023584"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018R1A61A03023584"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation, Republic of Korea","award":["RS-2023-00218659"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00218659"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of SMEs and Startups (MSS, Korea)","award":["RS-2023-00248832"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00248832"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of SMEs and Startups (MSS, Korea)","award":["20220042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220042"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of SMEs and Startups (MSS, Korea)","award":["2018R1A61A03023584"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018R1A61A03023584"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of SMEs and Startups (MSS, Korea)","award":["RS-2023-00218659"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00218659"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study was conducted to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory and immune-enhancement properties of lipids derived from Aptocyclus ventricosus eggs on RAW264.7 cells. Firstly, we determined the fatty acid compositions of A. ventricosus lipids by performing gas chromatography analysis. The results showed that A. ventricosus lipids contained saturated fatty acids (24.37%), monounsaturated fatty acids (20.90%), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (54.73%). They also contained notably high levels of DHA (25.91%) and EPA (22.05%) among the total fatty acids. Our results for the immune-associated biomarkers showed that A. ventricosus lipids had immune-enhancing effects on RAW264.7 cells. At the maximum dose of 300 \u00b5g\/mL, A. ventricosus lipids generated NO (119.53%) and showed greater phagocytosis (63.69%) ability as compared with untreated cells. A. ventricosus lipids also upregulated the expression of iNOS, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1 genes and effectively upregulated the phosphorylation of MAPK (JNK, p38, and ERK) and NF-\u03baB p65, indicating that these lipids could activate the MAPK and NF-\u03baB pathways to stimulate macrophages in the immune system. Besides their immune-enhancing abilities, A. ventricosus lipids significantly inhibited LPS-induced RAW264.7 inflammatory responses via the NF-\u03baB and MAPK pathways. The results indicated that these lipids significantly reduced LPS-induced NO production, showing a decrease from 86.95% to 38.89%. Additionally, these lipids downregulated the expression of genes associated with the immune response and strongly suppressed the CD86 molecule on the cell surface, which reduced from 39.25% to 33.80%. Collectively, these findings imply that lipids extracted from A. ventricosus eggs might have biological immunoregulatory effects. Thus, they might be considered promising immunomodulatory drugs and functional foods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md22080368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T13:35:49Z","timestamp":1723556149000},"page":"368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Lipids Extracted from Aptocyclus ventricosus Eggs Possess Immunoregulatory Effects on RAW264.7 Cells by Activating the MAPK and NF-\u03baB Signaling Pathways"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Seul Gi","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wellness-Bio Industry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Gangwon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4036-1420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weerawan","family":"Rod-in","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Bio Food Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Gangwon, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Research for Agricultural Biotechnology, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun Jae","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East Coast Life Sciences Institute, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Gangwon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seok Kyu","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticultural Science, Kongju National University, Yesan-gun 32439, Chungcheonnam-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang-min","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Gangwon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9804-3444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woo Jung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wellness-Bio Industry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Gangwon, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Marine Bio Food Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Gangwon, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"East Coast Life Sciences Institute, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Gangwon, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"KBIoRANCh Co., Ltd., Gangwon-do, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.34.959","article-title":"Cornuside suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory mediators by inhibiting nuclear factor-kappa B activation in RAW 264.7 macrophages","volume":"34","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. 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