{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T04:57:43Z","timestamp":1777093063574,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["2021R1IA1A01058062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1IA1A01058062"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["311315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311315"]}]},{"name":"Fonds de recherche du Qu\u00e9bec\u2014Nature et Technologies","award":["2021R1IA1A01058062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1IA1A01058062"]}]},{"name":"Fonds de recherche du Qu\u00e9bec\u2014Nature et Technologies","award":["311315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311315"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to assess the anti-inflammatory properties of a bioactive glutamic-alanine rich glycoprotein (GP) derived from Undaria pinnatifida on both LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, peritoneal macrophages, and mouse models of carrageenan- and xylene-induced inflammation, investigating the underlying molecular mechanisms. In both in-vitro and in-vivo settings, GP was found to reduce the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) while also inhibiting the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. GP treatment significantly impeded the nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-\u03baB) pathway by blocking the phosphorylation of IKK\u03b1 and I\u03baB\u03b1, leading to a reduction in proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Additionally, GP effectively inhibited the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), with specific inhibitors of p38 and extra-cellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) enhancing GP\u2019s anti-inflammatory efficacy. Notably, GP administration at 10 mg\/kg\/day (p.o.) markedly reduced carrageenan-induced paw inflammation and xylene-induced ear edema by preventing the infiltration of inflammatory cells into targeted tissues. GP treatment also downregulated key inflammatory markers, including iNOS, COX-2, I\u03baB\u03b1, and NF-\u03baB, by suppressing the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK, thereby improving the inflammatory index in both carrageenan- and xylene-induced mouse models. These findings suggest that marine resources, particularly seaweeds like U. pinnatifida, could serve as valuable sources of natural anti-inflammatory proteins for the effective treatment of inflammation and related conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md22090383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T05:16:24Z","timestamp":1724649384000},"page":"383","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Glutamic-Alanine Rich Glycoprotein from Undaria pinnatifida: A Promising Natural Anti-Inflammatory Agent"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2213-6462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Saifur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institution of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Faculty Agricultural and Food Sciences, Laval University, Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8509-6827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Badrul","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Beauty\/Antiaging Center, Food and Bio-Industry Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0629-2481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marufa","family":"Naznin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mst Hur","family":"Madina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institution of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Faculty Agricultural and Food Sciences, Laval University, Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. M.","family":"Rafiquzzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fisheries Biology and Aquatic Environment, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b00055","article-title":"Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitory and anti-inflammatory components from the leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver (Duzhong)","volume":"63","author":"Bai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Italiani, P., and Boraschi, D. (2014). From monocytes to M1\/M2 macrophages: Phenotypical vs. functional differentiation. Front. 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