{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T11:10:24Z","timestamp":1791544224855,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2022YFC2804205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2804205"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2021-I2M-1-069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-I2M-1-069"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["7232299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7232299"]}]},{"name":"CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences","award":["2022YFC2804205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2804205"]}]},{"name":"CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences","award":["2021-I2M-1-069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-I2M-1-069"]}]},{"name":"CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences","award":["7232299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7232299"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["2022YFC2804205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2804205"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["2021-I2M-1-069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-I2M-1-069"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["7232299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7232299"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glioblastoma represents the predominant and a highly aggressive primary neoplasm of the central nervous system that has an abnormal metabolism. Our previous study showed that chrysomycin A (Chr-A) curbed glioblastoma progression in vitro and in vivo. However, whether Chr-A could inhibit orthotopic glioblastoma and how it reshapes metabolism are still unclear. In this study, Chr-A markedly suppressed the development of intracranial U87 gliomas. The results from airflow-assisted desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (AFADESI-MSI) indicated that Chr-A improved the abnormal metabolism of mice with glioblastoma. Key enzymes including glutaminase (GLS), glutamate dehydrogenases 1 (GDH1), hexokinase 2 (HK2) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) were regulated by Chr-A. Chr-A further altered the level of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), thus causing oxidative stress with the downregulation of Nrf-2 to inhibit glioblastoma. Our study offers a novel perspective for comprehending the anti-glioma mechanism of Chr-A, highlighting its potential as a promising chemotherapeutic agent for glioblastoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md22090391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T08:01:47Z","timestamp":1724918507000},"page":"391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Chrysomycin A Reshapes Metabolism and Increases Oxidative Stress to Hinder Glioblastoma Progression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6202-2366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-Ni","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijiang Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and New Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Fang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijiang Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and New Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan-Di","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijiang Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and New Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijiang Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and New Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan-Hong","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijiang Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and New Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9162-3355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fu-Hang","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education of China, School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2430-3845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua-Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lian-Hua","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijiang Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and New Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guan-Hua","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijiang Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and New Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7650-6417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue-Hua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijiang Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and New Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.0023","article-title":"Glioblastoma and Other Primary Brain Malignancies in Adults: A Review","volume":"329","author":"Schaff","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-325334","article-title":"Advances in the management of glioblastoma","volume":"92","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043330","article-title":"Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma","volume":"352","author":"Stupp","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2021.07.011","article-title":"A map of the altered glioma metabolism","volume":"27","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernhard, C., Reita, D., Martin, S., Entz-Werle, N., and Dontenwill, M. (2023). Glioblastoma Metabolism: Insights and Therapeutic Strategies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119137"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1160809","article-title":"Understanding the Warburg effect: The metabolic requirements of cell proliferation","volume":"324","author":"Cantley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de la Cruz-Lopez, K.G., Castro-Munoz, L.J., Reyes-Hernandez, D.O., Garcia-Carranca, A., and Manzo-Merino, J. (2019). Lactate in the Regulation of Tumor Microenvironment and Therapeutic Approaches. Front. Oncol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.01143"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-092910-154237","article-title":"Aerobic glycolysis: Meeting the metabolic requirements of cell proliferation","volume":"27","author":"Lunt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2021.04.013","article-title":"Lipid metabolism in cancer: New perspectives and emerging mechanisms","volume":"56","author":"Broadfield","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2021.04.003","article-title":"Enhancing the Efficacy of Glutamine Metabolism Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00339-6","article-title":"Targeting cancer metabolism in the era of precision oncology","volume":"21","author":"Stine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"154","article-title":"Pharmacometabolomics: Implications for Clinical Pharmacology and Systems Pharmacology","volume":"95","author":"Weinshilboum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.4920","article-title":"Air flow assisted ionization for remote sampling of ambient mass spectrometry and its application","volume":"25","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5372","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b00680","article-title":"Ambient Mass Spectrometry Imaging Metabolomics Method Provides Novel Insights into the Action Mechanism of Drug Candidates","volume":"87","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1808950116","article-title":"Spatially resolved metabolomics to discover tumor-associated metabolic alterations","volume":"116","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, L., Mao, X., Sun, C., Li, T., Song, X., Li, J., Gao, S., Zhang, R., Chen, J., and He, J. (2022). Molecular Pathological Diagnosis of Thyroid Tumors Using Spatially Resolved Metabolomics. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27041390"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, T., He, J., Mao, X., Bi, Y., Luo, Z., Guo, C., Tang, F., Xu, X., Wang, X., and Wang, M. (2015). In situ biomarker discovery and label-free molecular histopathological diagnosis of lung cancer by ambient mass spectrometry imaging. Sci. Rep., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14089"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2020.06.001","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in Cancer","volume":"38","author":"Hayes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00233-1","article-title":"Targeting oxidative stress in disease: Promise and limitations of antioxidant therapy","volume":"20","author":"Forman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.06.002","article-title":"Targeting DGAT1 Ameliorates Glioblastoma by Increasing Fat Catabolism and Oxidative Stress","volume":"32","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves, A., Costa, P., Pinto, M., Ferreira, D., and Correia-da-Silva, M. (2021). Small Molecules of Marine Origin as Potential Anti-Glioma Agents. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26092707"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.69.3.280-283.1955","article-title":"Chrysomycin: A new antibiotic substance for bacterial viruses","volume":"69","author":"Strelitz","year":"1955","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.35.1194","article-title":"The chemistry of the antibiotics chrysomycin A and B. Antitumor activity of chrysomycin A","volume":"35","author":"Weiss","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1080\/10826068.2021.1885046","article-title":"Optimization of fermentation conditions and medium compositions for the production of chrysomycin a by a marine-derived strain Streptomyces sp. 891","volume":"51","author":"Ni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prep. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.42.1446","article-title":"Antitumor activity of chrysomycins M and V","volume":"42","author":"Matson","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2300881","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202300881","article-title":"Enhanced Transdermal Peptide-Modified Flexible Liposomes for Efficient Percutaneous Delivery of Chrysomycin A to Treat Subcutaneous Melanoma and Intradermal MRSA Infection","volume":"12","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Health Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106565","article-title":"Upgrade of chrysomycin A as a novel topoisomerase II inhibitor to curb KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinoma progression","volume":"187","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, D.N., Liu, M., Zhang, S.S., Shang, Y.F., Zhang, W.F., Song, F.H., Zhang, H.W., Du, G.H., and Wang, Y.H. (2023). Chrysomycin A Regulates Proliferation and Apoptosis of Neuroglioma Cells via the Akt\/GSK-3beta Signaling Pathway In Vivo and In Vitro. Mar. Drugs, 21.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202304.0565.v1"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, D.N., Liu, M., Zhang, S.S., Shang, Y.F., Song, F.H., Zhang, H.W., Du, G.H., and Wang, Y.H. (2022). Chrysomycin A Inhibits the Proliferation, Migration and Invasion of U251 and U87-MG Glioblastoma Cells to Exert Its Anti-Cancer Effects. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27196148"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9328344","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/9328344","article-title":"Clinical Significance of Carnitine in the Treatment of Cancer: From Traffic to the Regulation","volume":"2023","author":"Farahzadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-2380","article-title":"L-Carnitine-Mediated Tumor Cell Protection and Poor Patient Survival Associated with OCTN2 Overexpression in Glioblastoma Multiforme","volume":"25","author":"Fink","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2005.05.001","article-title":"Metabolism and functions of phosphatidylserine","volume":"44","author":"Vance","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(02)03928-7","article-title":"Phosphatidylserine is a marker of tumor vasculature and a potential target for cancer imaging and therapy","volume":"54","author":"Ran","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5490","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0782-1","article-title":"Pro-necrotic Activity of Cationic Mastoparan Peptides in Human Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells Via Membranolytic Action","volume":"55","author":"Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2016.1221564","article-title":"Atg8 lipidation is coordinated in a PtdIns3P-dependent manner by the PROPPIN Atg21","volume":"12","author":"Krick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2019.12.012","article-title":"3-O-Acetyl-11-keto- beta -boswellic acid ameliorated aberrant metabolic landscape and inhibited autophagy in glioblastoma","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2016.10.008","article-title":"Cell membrane modulation as adjuvant in cancer therapy","volume":"52","author":"Zalba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17492","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M601803200","article-title":"Autotaxin is overexpressed in glioblastoma multiforme and contributes to cell motility of glioblastoma by converting lysophosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidic acid","volume":"281","author":"Kishi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.123.265868","article-title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of MR Spectroscopic Imaging and (18)F-FET PET for Identifying Glioma: A Biopsy-Controlled Hybrid PET\/MRI Study","volume":"65","author":"Mauler","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2022.09.007","article-title":"Tumor glycolysis, an essential sweet tooth of tumor cells","volume":"86","author":"Paul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1808325","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201808325","article-title":"Glucose Oxidase-Instructed Multimodal Synergistic Cancer Therapy","volume":"31","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3272","article-title":"Glutamine synthetase activity fuels nucleotide biosynthesis and supports growth of glutamine-restricted glioblastoma","volume":"17","author":"Tardito","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.15.070195.001025","article-title":"Regulation of glutaminase activity and glutamine metabolism","volume":"15","author":"Curthoys","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-020-01639-8","article-title":"The functional roles of TCA cycle metabolites in cancer","volume":"40","author":"Eniafe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noaa309","article-title":"Targeting phospholipid metabolism for glioblastoma therapy","volume":"23","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlr.2022.100223","article-title":"Isomeric lipid signatures reveal compartmentalized fatty acid metabolism in cancer","volume":"63","author":"Young","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-0313-7","article-title":"The carnitine system and cancer metabolic plasticity","volume":"9","author":"Melone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, L., An, N., Yuan, B., Zhu, Q., and Feng, Y. (2023). The Metabolomic Characteristics and Dysregulation of Fatty Acid Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acids in Breast Cancer. Metabolites, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13111108"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2020.12.020","article-title":"Potential physio-pathological effects of branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids","volume":"182","author":"Benlebna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2017.01.005","article-title":"Glutamine Metabolism in Cancer: Understanding the Heterogeneity","volume":"3","author":"Cluntun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Li, Q., Huang, Z., Li, B., Nice, E.C., Huang, C., Wei, L., and Zou, B. (2022). Targeting Glucose Metabolism Enzymes in Cancer Treatment: Current and Emerging Strategies. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14194568"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-0635-5","article-title":"A new inhibitor of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase blocks pentose phosphate pathway and suppresses malignant proliferation and metastasis in vivo","volume":"9","author":"Mele","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2014.06.005","article-title":"The pentose phosphate pathway and cancer","volume":"39","author":"Patra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4839","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.56747","article-title":"The double-edged roles of ROS in cancer prevention and therapy","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ying, M., You, D., Zhu, X., Cai, L., Zeng, S., and Hu, X. (2021). Lactate and glutamine support NADPH generation in cancer cells under glucose deprived conditions. Redox Biol., 46.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.102065"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8788","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1003428107","article-title":"Mitochondrial metabolism and ROS generation are essential for Kras-mediated tumorigenicity","volume":"107","author":"Weinberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, S.S., Ahsan, H., Zia, M.K., Siddiqui, T., and Khan, F.H. (2020). Understanding oxidants and antioxidants: Classical team with new players. J. Food Biochem., 44.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13145"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2017.05.023","article-title":"ROS signalling in the biology of cancer","volume":"80","author":"Moloney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1999.3458","article-title":"Active and inhibited human catalase structures: Ligand and NADPH binding and catalytic mechanism","volume":"296","author":"Putnam","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2017.06.002","article-title":"Perspectives of the Nrf-2 signaling pathway in cancer progression and therapy","volume":"4","author":"Basak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23680","DOI":"10.1039\/D2RA90078E","article-title":"Correction: Chrysomycins A-C, antileukemic naphthocoumarins from Streptomyces sporoverrucosus","volume":"12","author":"Jain","year":"2022","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, M.J., Pu, W., Wang, X., Zhang, W., Tang, D., and Dai, Y. (2022). Comparing DESI-MSI and MALDI-MSI Mediated Spatial Metabolomics and Their Applications in Cancer Studies. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.891018"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1111\/neup.12671","article-title":"Glioblastoma multiforme: Metabolic differences to peritumoral tissue and IDH-mutated gliomas revealed by mass spectrometry imaging","volume":"40","author":"Kampa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlr.2022.100304","article-title":"A mass spectrometry imaging and lipidomic investigation reveals aberrant lipid metabolism in the orthotopic mouse glioma","volume":"63","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-19-0638","article-title":"Localized Metabolomic Gradients in Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Glioblastoma","volume":"80","author":"Randall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2006.12.003","article-title":"N-Acetylaspartate in the CNS: From neurodiagnostics to neurobiology","volume":"81","author":"Moffett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2018.03.001","article-title":"How the Warburg effect supports aggressiveness and drug resistance of cancer cells?","volume":"38","author":"Icard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updates"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1126\/science.123.3191.309","article-title":"On the origin of cancer cells","volume":"123","author":"Warburg","year":"1956","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1600200","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1600200","article-title":"Fundamentals of cancer metabolism","volume":"2","author":"DeBerardinis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoica, C., Ferreira, A.K., Hannan, K., and Bakovic, M. (2022). Bilayer Forming Phospholipids as Targets for Cancer Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23095266"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7032","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.74197","article-title":"TCA-phospholipid-glycolysis targeted triple therapy effectively suppresses ATP production and tumor growth in glioblastoma","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.10659","article-title":"Choline phospholipid metabolism: A target in cancer cells?","volume":"90","author":"Ackerstaff","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.12221","article-title":"Accumulated phosphatidylcholine (16:0\/16:1) in human colorectal cancer; possible involvement of LPCAT4","volume":"104","author":"Kurabe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4829180","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4829180","article-title":"Ethanolamine and Phosphatidylethanolamine: Partners in Health and Disease","volume":"2017","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"27","article-title":"Metabolism of neoplastic tissue. IV. A study of lipid synthesis in neoplastic tissue slices in vitro","volume":"13","author":"Medes","year":"1953","journal-title":"Cancer. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/now128","article-title":"Fatty acid oxidation is required for the respiration and proliferation of malignant glioma cells","volume":"19","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.05.017","article-title":"Cellular fatty acid metabolism and cancer","volume":"18","author":"Currie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5478","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-19-3923","article-title":"Brain Tumor Stem Cell Dependence on Glutaminase Reveals a Metabolic Vulnerability through the Amino Acid Deprivation Response Pathway","volume":"80","author":"Restall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2975","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-020-1199-2","article-title":"EGFR activates GDH1 transcription to promote glutamine metabolism through MEK\/ERK\/ELK1 pathway in glioblastoma","volume":"39","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28440-3","article-title":"A non-catalytic scaffolding activity of hexokinase 2 contributes to EMT and metastasis","volume":"13","author":"Blaha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H.C., Wu, Y.H., Yen, W.C., Liu, H.Y., Hwang, T.L., Stern, A., and Chiu, D.T. (2019). The Redox Role of G6PD in Cell Growth, Cell Death, and Cancer. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8091055"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, H., Huang, H., Cao, F., Chen, M., Zheng, X., and Zhan, R. (2016). HSPB1 Enhances SIRT2-Mediated G6PD Activation and Promotes Glioma Cell Proliferation. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164285"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4896","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-21-2647","article-title":"Cancer Signaling Drives Cancer Metabolism: AKT and the Warburg Effect","volume":"81","author":"Hosios","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23798","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.482026","article-title":"Akt phosphorylates HK-II at Thr-473 and increases mitochondrial HK-II association to protect cardiomyocytes","volume":"288","author":"Roberts","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18782","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0810199105","article-title":"Myc regulates a transcriptional program that stimulates mitochondrial glutaminolysis and leads to glutamine addiction","volume":"105","author":"Wise","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-42118-6_3","article-title":"Metabolic Reprogramming by the PI3K-Akt-mTOR Pathway in Cancer","volume":"207","author":"Lien","year":"2016","journal-title":"Recent Results Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-019-0216-7","article-title":"The PI3K-AKT network at the interface of oncogenic signalling and cancer metabolism","volume":"20","author":"Hoxhaj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0215593","article-title":"SREBPs: Activators of the complete program of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis in the liver","volume":"109","author":"Horton","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6465","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208802","article-title":"PKB\/Akt induces transcription of enzymes involved in cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis via activation of SREBP","volume":"24","author":"Porstmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4002","article-title":"Modulation of oxidative stress as an anticancer strategy","volume":"12","author":"Gorrini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadg5995","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adg5995","article-title":"Killing of Staphylococcus aureus persisters by a multitarget natural product chrysomycin A","volume":"9","author":"Jia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2012.04178.x","article-title":"Somatic mutations of the KEAP1 gene in common solid cancers","volume":"60","author":"Yoo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6836290","article-title":"Selective modification of glutathione metabolism","volume":"220","author":"Meister","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2012.05.016","article-title":"Nrf2 redirects glucose and glutamine into anabolic pathways in metabolic reprogramming","volume":"22","author":"Mitsuishi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"}],"container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/22\/9\/391\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:44:59Z","timestamp":1760111099000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/22\/9\/391"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["md22090391"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md22090391","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-3397"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-3397","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]}}}