{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T04:13:15Z","timestamp":1793074395652,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","award":["FRP-1444-24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRP-1444-24"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an anticancer drug that causes infertility disorders. This study was designed to evaluate a nanoformulation of chitosan with an ethanolic extract from Spirulina platensis in terms of its protection against cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian toxicity. Nine groups of female Wistar rats were randomly assigned as follows: 1: control vehicle, 2: chitosan polymer, 3: telmisartan, 4: Spirulina platensis extract, 5: nanoformulation of the Spirulina platensis, and 6: single injection of CP; groups 7, 8, and 9 received the same treatments as those used in groups 3, 4, and 5, respectively, with a single dose of CP (200 mg\/kg, I.P). The results displayed that the CP treatment decreased estradiol, progesterone, anti-mullerian hormone, and GSH content, and it downregulated PPAR-\u03b3, Nrf-2, and HO-1 gene expression. In addition, the CP treatment caused an increase in the FSH, LH, and MDA levels. In the same manner, the protein expression of caspase-3, NF-kB, and TNF-\u03b1 was upregulated in response to the CP treatment, while PPAR-\u03b3 was downregulated in comparison with the control. The rats treated with SPNPs exhibited a substantial reduction in the detrimental effects of oxidative stress and inflammation of the ovarian tissue. This study\u2019s conclusions showed that SPNPs counteracted the effects of CP, preventing the death of ovarian follicles and restoring the gonadotropin hormone balance and normal ovarian histological appearance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md22090395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T09:39:32Z","timestamp":1725010772000},"page":"395","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Ameliorative Effect of Chitosan\/Spirulina platensis Ethanolic Extract Nanoformulation against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Ovarian Toxicity: Role of PPAR-\u03b3\/Nrf-2\/HO-1 and NF-kB\/TNF-\u03b1 Signaling Pathways"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6732-7591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"May","family":"Almukainzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thanaa A.","family":"El-Masry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9278-314X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanaa A.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9555-7300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hebatallah M.","family":"Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Cairo 51511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1322-8309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enas I.","family":"El Zahaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 35712, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6286-319X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asmaa","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5807-1117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maysa M. F.","family":"El-Nagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-019-02589-1","article-title":"Novel Insights into the Mechanism of Cyclophosphamide-Induced Bladder Toxicity: Chloroacetaldehyde\u2019s Contribution to Urothelial Dysfunction In Vitro","volume":"93","author":"Mills","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aly, F.M., Othman, A., and Haridy, M.A.M. (2018). 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