{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T01:19:55Z","timestamp":1781227195140,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CONAHCYT","award":["319865"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["319865"]}]},{"name":"CONAHCYT","award":["319104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["319104"]}]},{"name":"PRONAII-CONAHCYT","award":["319865"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["319865"]}]},{"name":"PRONAII-CONAHCYT","award":["319104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["319104"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We describe five new isolates of two Gambierdiscus species from Bah\u00eda de La Paz in the southern Gulf of California. Batch cultures of Gambierdiscus were established for morphological characterization using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Pigment and amino acid profiles were also analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV and HPLC-DAD). Finally, toxicity (CTX-like and MTX-like activity) was evaluated using the Artemia salina assay (ARTOX), mouse assay (MBA), marine fish assay (MFA), and fluorescent receptor binding assay (fRBA). These strains were identified as Gambierdiscus cf. caribaeus and Gambierdiscus cf. carpenteri. Toxicity for CTX-like and MTX-like activity was confirmed in all evaluated clones. Seven pigments were detected, with chlorophyll a, pyridine, Chl2, and diadinoxanthin being particularly noteworthy. For the first time, a screening of the amino acid profile of Gambierdiscus from the Pacific Ocean was conducted, which showed 14 amino acids for all strains except histidine, which was only present in G. cf. caribeaus. We report the presence of Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa species in the Mexican Pacific, where ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) cases have occurred.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md22090422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T10:56:57Z","timestamp":1726484217000},"page":"422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Morphological, Toxicological, and Biochemical Characterization of Two Species of Gambierdiscus from Bah\u00eda de La Paz, Gulf of California"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6174-5303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leyberth Jos\u00e9","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Herrera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Toxinas Marinas y Amino\u00e1cidos, Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz CP 23096, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1257-731X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erick Juli\u00e1n","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez-V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Toxinas Marinas y Amino\u00e1cidos, Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz CP 23096, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2087-5835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco E.","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Sandoval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microalgas Nocivas, Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz CP 23096, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Octavio","family":"Cese\u00f1a-Ojeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Toxinas Marinas y Amino\u00e1cidos, Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz CP 23096, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1487-4959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Garc\u00eda-Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Bio-Org\u00e1nica Antonio Gonz\u00e1lez (IUBO AG), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avenida Astrof\u00edsico Francisco S\u00e1nchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8453-6050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andressa","family":"Teles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Fisiolog\u00eda Comparada y Gen\u00f3mica Funcional, Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz CP 23096, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marte","family":"Virgen-F\u00e9lix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Colecci\u00f3n de Microalgas, Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz CP 23096, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1204-9576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariel","family":"Tovar-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Fisiolog\u00eda Comparada y Gen\u00f3mica Funcional, Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz CP 23096, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101873","article-title":"Ciguatera poisonings: A global review of occurrences and trends","volume":"102","author":"Chinain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"FAO, and WHO (2020). Report of the Expert Meeting on Ciguatera Poisoning: Rome, 19\u201323 November 2018, World Health Organization. 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