{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:38:54Z","timestamp":1790786334168,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004700","name":"Taipei Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TMU109-AE1-B31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TMU109-AE1-B31"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004700","name":"Taipei Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 109-2314-B-038-089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2314-B-038-089"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004700","name":"Taipei Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["113-wf-f-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113-wf-f-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["TMU109-AE1-B31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TMU109-AE1-B31"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["MOST 109-2314-B-038-089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2314-B-038-089"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["113-wf-f-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113-wf-f-2"]}]},{"name":"Taipei Medical University-Wang Fang Hospital","award":["TMU109-AE1-B31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TMU109-AE1-B31"]}]},{"name":"Taipei Medical University-Wang Fang Hospital","award":["MOST 109-2314-B-038-089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2314-B-038-089"]}]},{"name":"Taipei Medical University-Wang Fang Hospital","award":["113-wf-f-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113-wf-f-2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Peritoneal dialysis (PD) serves as a home-based kidney replacement therapy with increasing utilization across the globe. However, long-term use of high-glucose-based PD solution incites repeated peritoneal injury and inevitable peritoneal fibrosis, thus compromising treatment efficacy and resulting in ultrafiltration failure eventually. In the present study, we utilized human mesothelial MeT-5A cells for the in vitro experiments and a PD mouse model for in vivo validation to study the pathophysiological mechanisms underneath PD-associated peritoneal fibrosis. High-glucose PD solution (Dianeal 4.25%, Baxter) increased protein expression of mesothelial\u2013mesenchymal transition (MMT) markers, such as N-cadherin and \u03b1-SMA in MeT-5A cells, whereas it decreased catalase expression and stimulated the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, macrophage influx and increased serum pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1\u03b2, MCP-1, and TNF-\u03b1, were observed in the PD mouse model. Interestingly, we discovered that oligo-fucoidan, an oligosaccharide extract from brown seaweed, successfully prevented PD-associated peritoneal thickening and fibrosis through antioxidant effect, downregulation of MMT markers, and attenuation of peritoneal and systemic inflammation. Hence, oligo-fucoidan has the potential to be developed into a novel preventive strategy for PD-associated peritoneal fibrosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md22120529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T08:38:24Z","timestamp":1732523904000},"page":"529","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Therapeutic Potential of Oligo-Fucoidan in Mitigating Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yu-Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235041, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5777-2752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mei-Yi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235041, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nai-Jen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mai-Szu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235041, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yung-Ho","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235041, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7036-9565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Te","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235041, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5833-2230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng-Hsien","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235041, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD Chronic Kidney Disease Collaboration (2020). Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet, 395, 709\u2013733."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2016.181","article-title":"Changes in the worldwide epidemiology of peritoneal dialysis","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1159\/000514550","article-title":"Global Epidemiology of End-Stage Kidney Disease and Disparities in Kidney Replacement Therapy","volume":"52","author":"Thurlow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjspcare-2021-003182","article-title":"Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis-health-related quality of life: Systematic review plus meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Raoofi","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Support. Palliat. Care"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2100152","article-title":"Peritoneal Dialysis","volume":"385","author":"Teitelbaum","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4405","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-023-02608-9","article-title":"Global Economic Burden Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Pragmatic Review of Medical Costs for the Inside CKD Research Programme","volume":"40","author":"Jha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-022-01478-2","article-title":"A systematic review of the cost-effectiveness of renal replacement therapies, and consequences for decision-making in the end-stage renal disease treatment pathway","volume":"24","author":"Busink","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Health Econ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-023-02360-y","article-title":"Pathophysiology of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis: Lessons from findings of the past three decades in Japan","volume":"27","author":"Nakayama","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2013.99","article-title":"Peritoneal changes in patients on long-term peritoneal dialysis","volume":"9","author":"Krediet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suryantoro, S.D., Thaha, M., Sutanto, H., and Firdausa, S. (2023). Current Insights into Cellular Determinants of Peritoneal Fibrosis in Peritoneal Dialysis: A Narrative Review. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12134401"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.01.025","article-title":"Protein kinase C \u03b1 inhibition prevents peritoneal damage in a mouse model of chronic peritoneal exposure to high-glucose dialysate","volume":"89","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1038\/s41374-022-00834-3","article-title":"Parthenolide alleviates peritoneal fibrosis by inhibiting inflammation via the NF-\u03baB\/TGF-\u03b2\/Smad signaling axis","volume":"102","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02006","article-title":"Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways in TGF-beta family signalling","volume":"425","author":"Derynck","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2018.02.022","article-title":"Neutral pH and low-glucose degradation product dialysis fluids induce major early alterations of the peritoneal membrane in children on peritoneal dialysis","volume":"94","author":"Schaefer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2017.12.023","article-title":"A pathogenetic role for M1 macrophages in peritoneal dialysis-associated fibrosis","volume":"94","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10369","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140510369","article-title":"The role of peritoneal alternatively activated macrophages in the process of peritoneal fibrosis related to peritoneal dialysis","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roumeliotis, S., Dounousi, E., Salmas, M., Eleftheriadis, T., and Liakopoulos, V. (2020). Unfavorable Effects of Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions on the Peritoneal Membrane: The Role of Oxidative Stress. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10050768"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13393","article-title":"Autophagy promotes fibrosis and apoptosis in the peritoneum during long-term peritoneal dialysis","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.019","article-title":"Multifunctional role of fucoidan, sulfated polysaccharides in human health and disease: A journey under the sea in pursuit of potent therapeutic agents","volume":"164","author":"Pradhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M.Z., Wang, J., Cao, D.W., Tu, Y., Liu, B.H., Yuan, C.C., Li, H., Fang, Q.J., Chen, J.X., and Fu, Y. (2022). Fucoidan Alleviates Renal Fibrosis in Diabetic Kidney Disease via Inhibition of NLRP3 Inflammasome-Mediated Podocyte Pyroptosis. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.790937"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173708","article-title":"Combined protective effects of oligo-fucoidan, fucoxanthin, and L-carnitine on the kidneys of chronic kidney disease mice","volume":"892","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2020.102342","article-title":"Fucoidan-based micelles as P-selectin targeted carriers for synergistic treatment of acute kidney injury","volume":"32","author":"Shu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.192","article-title":"Protective effects of fucoidan against kidney diseases: Pharmacological insights and future perspectives","volume":"209","author":"Zahan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2023.120965","article-title":"The antioxidant activity of polysaccharides: A structure-function relationship overview","volume":"314","author":"Fernandes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12579","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-07854-w","article-title":"Effects of fucoidan on the hematic indicators and antioxidative responses of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed diets contaminated with aflatoxin B(1)","volume":"27","author":"Dawood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.012","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of a fucose-rich fucoidan isolated from Saccharina japonica","volume":"156","author":"Ni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.031","article-title":"A fucoidan fraction purified from Chnoospora minima; a potential inhibitor of LPS-induced inflammatory responses","volume":"104","author":"Fernando","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanjeewa, K.K.A., Herath, K., Yang, H.W., Choi, C.S., and Jeon, Y.J. (2021). Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms of Fucoidans to Treat Inflammatory Diseases: A Review. Mar. Drugs, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/md19120678"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.068","article-title":"Degradation of different molecular weight fucoidans and their inhibition of TGF-\u03b21 induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in mouse renal tubular epithelial cells","volume":"151","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1553","article-title":"Low molecular weight fucoidan ameliorates diabetic nephropathy via inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition and fibrotic processes","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C.H., Sue, Y.M., Cheng, C.Y., Chen, Y.C., Liu, C.T., Hsu, Y.H., Hwang, P.A., Huang, N.J., and Chen, T.H. (2017). Oligo-fucoidan prevents renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis by inhibiting the CD44 signal pathway. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40183"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Liu, Y., and Liu, J. (2023). A review of research progress on mechanisms of peritoneal fibrosis related to peritoneal dialysis. Front. Physiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1220450"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-023-01553-4","article-title":"Diabetic cardiomyopathy: Early diagnostic biomarkers, pathogenetic mechanisms, and therapeutic interventions","volume":"9","author":"Huo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3820","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO03153D","article-title":"Fucoidan: A promising agent for brain injury and neurodegenerative disease intervention","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y.T., and Lin, S.L. (2022). A Clinically Relevant Murine Model of Peritoneal Fibrosis by Dialysate and Catheters. J. Vis. Exp., e63901.","DOI":"10.3791\/63901"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, R.B., Archid, R., and Reymond, M.A. (2020). Reprogramming of Mesothelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Chronic Peritoneal Diseases by Estrogen Receptor Modulation and TGF-\u03b21 Inhibition. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21114158"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masola, V., Bonomini, M., Borrelli, S., Di Liberato, L., Vecchi, L., Onisto, M., Gambaro, G., Palumbo, R., and Arduini, A. (2022). Fibrosis of Peritoneal Membrane as Target of New Therapies in Peritoneal Dialysis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094831"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3758","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of epithelial-mesenchymal transition","volume":"15","author":"Lamouille","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Q., Zhang, Y., Mao, H., Chen, W., Luo, N., Zhou, Q., Chen, W., and Yu, X. (2012). A crosstalk between the Smad and JNK signaling in the TGF-\u03b2-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in rat peritoneal mesothelial cells. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032009"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2006.08.015","article-title":"Oxidative stress is progressively enhanced with advancing stages of CKD","volume":"48","author":"Dounousi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12818","article-title":"Is oxidative stress an issue in peritoneal dialysis?","volume":"32","author":"Roumeliotis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Dial."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3494867","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3494867","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in Patients Undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis: A Current Review of the Literature","volume":"2017","author":"Liakopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.223545","article-title":"Oxidative stress and diabetic complications","volume":"107","author":"Giacco","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642793","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/642793","article-title":"High-dialysate-glucose-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in human peritoneal mesothelial cells","volume":"2014","author":"Hung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfn718","article-title":"Heat shock response protects human peritoneal mesothelial cells from dialysate-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial injury","volume":"24","author":"Kuo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1289","article-title":"Endotoxin-induced chemokine expression in murine peritoneal mesothelial cells: The role of toll-like receptor 4","volume":"15","author":"Kato","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016070729","article-title":"The NLRP3 Inflammasome Has a Critical Role in Peritoneal Dialysis-Related Peritonitis","volume":"28","author":"Hautem","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, T.H., Liu, C.T., Cheng, C.Y., Sue, Y.M., Huang, N.J., and Chen, C.H. (2022). Oligosaccharides Ameliorate Acute Kidney Injury by Alleviating Cluster of Differentiation 44-Mediated Immune Responses in Renal Tubular Cells. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14040760"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeh, C.W., Shih, C.J., Liu, T.C., and Chiou, Y.L. (2022). Effects of oligo-fucoidan on the immune response, inflammatory status and pulmonary function in patients with asthma: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-21527-3"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.06.098","article-title":"Structural characterization and antioxidant activity of water-soluble polysaccharides from the Tunisian brown seaweed Cystoseira compressa","volume":"198","author":"Hentati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang, P.A., Yan, M.D., Lin, H.T., Li, K.L., and Lin, Y.C. (2016). Toxicological Evaluation of Low Molecular Weight Fucoidan in Vitro and in Vivo. Mar. Drugs, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/md14070121"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2012.12.017","article-title":"Rosuvastatin inhibits pressure-induced fibrotic responses via the expression regulation of prostacyclin and prostaglandin E2 in rat renal tubular cells","volume":"700","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2022.2118066","article-title":"The antioxidative effects of empagliflozin on high glucose-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in peritoneal mesothelial cells via the Nrf2\/HO-1 signaling","volume":"44","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."}],"container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/22\/12\/529\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:38:55Z","timestamp":1760114335000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/22\/12\/529"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["md22120529"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md22120529","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-3397"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-3397","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]}}}