{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T09:39:39Z","timestamp":1766050779812,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Interreg Alertox-Net EAPA-317-2016 (Atlantic Area Program)","award":["EAPA-317-2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAPA-317-2016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Harmful algal biotoxins in the marine environment are a threat to human food safety due to their bioaccumulation in bivalve shellfish. Whilst official control monitoring provides ongoing risk management for regulated toxins in live bivalve molluscs, no routine monitoring system is currently in operation in the UK for other non-regulated toxins. To assess the potential presence of such compounds, a systematic screen of bivalve shellfish was conducted throughout Great Britain. A rapid dispersive methanolic extraction was used with UHPLC-MS\/MS analysis to test for fifteen cyclic imines and seven brevetoxins in 2671 shellfish samples taken from designated shellfish harvesting areas around Great Britain during 2018. Out of the 22 toxins incorporated into the method, only pinnatoxin G, 13-desmethyl spirolide C and 20-methyl spirolide G were detected, with maximum concentrations of 85.4 \u00b5g\/kg, 13.4 \u00b5g\/kg and 51.4 \u00b5g\/kg, respectively. A follow up study of pinnatoxin G-positive samples examined its potential esterification to fatty acids and concluded that following hydrolysis, pinnatoxin G concentration increased by an average of 8.6%, with the tentative identification of these esters determined by LC-HRMS. This study highlights the requirement for ongoing monitoring of emerging threats and the requirement for toxicological and risk assessment studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md22120556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T04:52:49Z","timestamp":1733979169000},"page":"556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Detection of the Cyclic Imines Pinnatoxin G, 13-Desmethyl Spirolide C and 20-Methyl Spirolide G in Bivalve Molluscs from Great Britain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4501-3644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan P.","family":"Alexander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"O\u2019Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karl J.","family":"Dean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1390-0924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin H.","family":"Maskrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/35011048","article-title":"Early Human Occupation of the Red Sea Coast of Eritrea during the Last Interglacial","volume":"405","author":"Walter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willer, D.F., and Aldridge, D.C. 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