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This polar area is home to a large and rich community of benthic marine invertebrates, such as sponges, tunicates, corals, and many other animals. Among the sponges, the bright yellow Dendrilla antarctica is commonly known for using secondary diterpenoids as a defensive mechanism against local potential predators. From the dichloromethane extract of sponge samples from Deception Island collected in January 2023, we isolated a novel derivative with an unusual \u03b2-lactone diterpene skeleton here named dendrillolactone (1), along with seven previously described diterpenes, including deceptionin (2), a gracilane norditerpene (3), cadlinolide C (4), a glaciolane norditerpene (5), membranolide (6), aplysulphurin (7), and tetrahydroaplysulphurine-1 (8). Here, we also report our studies on the changes in the chemical arsenal of this sponge by slow temperature increase in aquaria experiments. Despite being a species capable of inhabiting volcanically active areas, with frequent water temperature fluctuations due to the existing fumaroles, the results show that diterpenes such as deceptionin, cadlinolide C, membranolide, and tetrahydroaplysulphurin-1 seem to be susceptible to the temperature increase, resulting in a trend to higher concentrations. However, temperatures above 4 \u00b0C severely affected sponge metabolism, causing its death much earlier than expected. Further research on the roles of these natural products in D. antarctica and their relationship to the sponge\u2019s resilience to environmental changes should help to better understand the defensive mechanisms of Antarctic marine benthos in the context of global change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md23010010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T04:10:23Z","timestamp":1735618223000},"page":"10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Chemical Changes Under Heat Stress and Identification of Dendrillolactone, a New Diterpene Derivative with a Rare Rearranged Spongiane Skeleton from the Antarctic Marine Sponge Dendrilla antarctica"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8163-1661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Pr\u00f3fumo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ci\u00e8ncies Ambientals (BEECA), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain"},{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare (ICB), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5489-8376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Conxita","family":"Avila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ci\u00e8ncies Ambientals (BEECA), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3035-9252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adele","family":"Cutignano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare (ICB), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2006.1958","article-title":"Climate Change and the Marine Ecosystem of the Western Antarctic Peninsula","volume":"362","author":"Clarke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 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