{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T21:21:21Z","timestamp":1762377681553,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SHIONOGI INFECTIOUS DISEASE RESEARCH PROMOTION FOUNDATION","award":["JPMJST2281","JP16K08844","JP23K06677","JP23H02898","A48","A90","23-A-19","24fk0310518h0003","JP223fa627004","24ama121032j0003","JP23K06117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJST2281","JP16K08844","JP23K06677","JP23H02898","A48","A90","23-A-19","24fk0310518h0003","JP223fa627004","24ama121032j0003","JP23K06117"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) START University Ecosystem Promotion Type (Sup-porting Creation of Startup Ecosystem in Startup Cities)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJST2281","JP16K08844","JP23K06677","JP23H02898","A48","A90","23-A-19","24fk0310518h0003","JP223fa627004","24ama121032j0003","JP23K06117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJST2281","JP16K08844","JP23K06677","JP23H02898","A48","A90","23-A-19","24fk0310518h0003","JP223fa627004","24ama121032j0003","JP23K06117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT KAKENHI)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJST2281","JP16K08844","JP23K06677","JP23H02898","A48","A90","23-A-19","24fk0310518h0003","JP223fa627004","24ama121032j0003","JP23K06117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJST2281","JP16K08844","JP23K06677","JP23H02898","A48","A90","23-A-19","24fk0310518h0003","JP223fa627004","24ama121032j0003","JP23K06117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJST2281","JP16K08844","JP23K06677","JP23H02898","A48","A90","23-A-19","24fk0310518h0003","JP223fa627004","24ama121032j0003","JP23K06117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJST2281","JP16K08844","JP23K06677","JP23H02898","A48","A90","23-A-19","24fk0310518h0003","JP223fa627004","24ama121032j0003","JP23K06117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Grant-in-Aid from AMED Basis for Supporting Innovative Drug Discovery and Life Science Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJST2281","JP16K08844","JP23K06677","JP23H02898","A48","A90","23-A-19","24fk0310518h0003","JP223fa627004","24ama121032j0003","JP23K06117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJST2281","JP16K08844","JP23K06677","JP23H02898","A48","A90","23-A-19","24fk0310518h0003","JP223fa627004","24ama121032j0003","JP23K06117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Nagasaki University President Shigeru Kohno","award":["JPMJST2281","JP16K08844","JP23K06677","JP23H02898","A48","A90","23-A-19","24fk0310518h0003","JP223fa627004","24ama121032j0003","JP23K06117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJST2281","JP16K08844","JP23K06677","JP23H02898","A48","A90","23-A-19","24fk0310518h0003","JP223fa627004","24ama121032j0003","JP23K06117"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (JSPS KAKENHI)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJST2281","JP16K08844","JP23K06677","JP23H02898","A48","A90","23-A-19","24fk0310518h0003","JP223fa627004","24ama121032j0003","JP23K06117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJST2281","JP16K08844","JP23K06677","JP23H02898","A48","A90","23-A-19","24fk0310518h0003","JP223fa627004","24ama121032j0003","JP23K06117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heavy chain-only antibodies in sharks are called immunoglobulin new antigen receptors (IgNAR), consisting of one variable region (VNAR) and five constant regions (C1-C5). The variable region of IgNAR can be expressed as a monomer composed of a single domain, which has antigen specificity and is thus gaining attention as a next-generation antibody drug modality. In this study, we analyzed IgNAR of the cloudy catshark and Japanese bullhead shark, small demersal sharks available in the coastal waters of Japan. By analyzing the IgNAR gene sequence and comparing it with the constant regions of five other known shark species, high homology was observed in the C4 region. Consequently, we expressed the recombinant protein of the C4 domain from the cloudy catshark in E. coli, immunized rats, and produced antibodies. The obtained antiserum and mAbs recognized the C4 recombinant protein of the cloudy catshark, but reacted minimally with the plasma of non-immunized cloudy catsharks and instead reacted with the plasma of Japanese bullhead sharks. The results of this study imply that the protein expression levels of IgNAR in cloudy catsharks may be relatively lower compared to those in Japanese bullhead sharks, however, this interpretation remains to be determined through further studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md23010028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T04:54:08Z","timestamp":1736312048000},"page":"28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Expression Analysis of Heavy-Chain-Only Antibodies in Cloudy Catshark and Japanese Bullhead Shark"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Reo","family":"Uemura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4336-4934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susumu","family":"Tanimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nao","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryuichi","family":"Kuroiwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel Takashi","family":"Andr\u00e9s Tsutsumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshiaki","family":"Fujikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for East China Sea Research, Organization for Marine Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, 1551-7, Taira-machi, Nagasaki 851-2213, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kiyoshi","family":"Soyano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for East China Sea Research, Organization for Marine Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, 1551-7, Taira-machi, Nagasaki 851-2213, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8359-8399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kohsuke","family":"Takeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5024-0614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshimasa","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Innovation, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto 1-7-1, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, R.-M., Hwang, Y.-C., Liu, I.-J., Lee, C.-C., Tsai, H.-Z., Li, H.-J., and Wu, H.-C. 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