{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T12:04:44Z","timestamp":1784981084915,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cefas Seedcorn funding","award":["C7366"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C7366"]}]},{"name":"Cefas Seedcorn funding","award":["EAPA-317-2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAPA-317-2016"]}]},{"name":"Cefas Seedcorn funding","award":["1743802 NSF PIRE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1743802 NSF PIRE"]}]},{"name":"Cefas Seedcorn funding","award":["CiguaTOX NA11NOS4780059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CiguaTOX NA11NOS4780059"]}]},{"name":"Cefas Seedcorn funding","award":["1841811"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1841811"]}]},{"name":"Cefas Seedcorn funding","award":["1P01ES028949-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1P01ES028949-01"]}]},{"name":"Interreg Atlantic Area Program project Alertox-Net","award":["C7366"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C7366"]}]},{"name":"Interreg Atlantic Area Program project Alertox-Net","award":["EAPA-317-2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAPA-317-2016"]}]},{"name":"Interreg Atlantic Area Program project Alertox-Net","award":["1743802 NSF PIRE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1743802 NSF PIRE"]}]},{"name":"Interreg Atlantic Area Program project Alertox-Net","award":["CiguaTOX NA11NOS4780059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CiguaTOX NA11NOS4780059"]}]},{"name":"Interreg Atlantic Area Program project Alertox-Net","award":["1841811"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1841811"]}]},{"name":"Interreg Atlantic Area Program project Alertox-Net","award":["1P01ES028949-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1P01ES028949-01"]}]},{"name":"U.S. National Science Foundation Partnerships in International Research and Education Program","award":["C7366"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C7366"]}]},{"name":"U.S. National Science Foundation Partnerships in International Research and Education Program","award":["EAPA-317-2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAPA-317-2016"]}]},{"name":"U.S. National Science Foundation Partnerships in International Research and Education Program","award":["1743802 NSF PIRE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1743802 NSF PIRE"]}]},{"name":"U.S. National Science Foundation Partnerships in International Research and Education Program","award":["CiguaTOX NA11NOS4780059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CiguaTOX NA11NOS4780059"]}]},{"name":"U.S. National Science Foundation Partnerships in International Research and Education Program","award":["1841811"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1841811"]}]},{"name":"U.S. National Science Foundation Partnerships in International Research and Education Program","award":["1P01ES028949-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1P01ES028949-01"]}]},{"name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ECOHAB","award":["C7366"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C7366"]}]},{"name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ECOHAB","award":["EAPA-317-2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAPA-317-2016"]}]},{"name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ECOHAB","award":["1743802 NSF PIRE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1743802 NSF PIRE"]}]},{"name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ECOHAB","award":["CiguaTOX NA11NOS4780059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CiguaTOX NA11NOS4780059"]}]},{"name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ECOHAB","award":["1841811"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1841811"]}]},{"name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ECOHAB","award":["1P01ES028949-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1P01ES028949-01"]}]},{"name":"NSF","award":["C7366"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C7366"]}]},{"name":"NSF","award":["EAPA-317-2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAPA-317-2016"]}]},{"name":"NSF","award":["1743802 NSF PIRE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1743802 NSF PIRE"]}]},{"name":"NSF","award":["CiguaTOX NA11NOS4780059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CiguaTOX NA11NOS4780059"]}]},{"name":"NSF","award":["1841811"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1841811"]}]},{"name":"NSF","award":["1P01ES028949-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1P01ES028949-01"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["C7366"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C7366"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["EAPA-317-2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAPA-317-2016"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["1743802 NSF PIRE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1743802 NSF PIRE"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["CiguaTOX NA11NOS4780059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CiguaTOX NA11NOS4780059"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["1841811"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1841811"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["1P01ES028949-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1P01ES028949-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three people in England consumed fish steaks labeled as Red Snapper (Lutjanus bohar) originating from the Indian Ocean. Within 12 h, all three experienced sickness including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, as well as myalgia and paresthesia. Three steaks from a single package of fish obtained from a grocery store were consumed, leaving one uneaten, which was submitted for analysis. Cytotoxicity testing via the mouse neuroblastoma assay confirmed the presence of sodium channel specific activity consistent with a ciguatoxin standard, and the levels detected were above established guidance limits for safe consumption. Chemical detection using liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry of both intact toxins and periodate oxidation products was used to confirm the presence of chromatographic peaks consistent with tri- and di-hydroxylated Pacific ciguatoxin 3C congeners. Taking the shared medical symptoms of patients, the recent dietary history, and the known potential for ciguatera poisoning to occur in snapper species, the subsequent evidence for CTX-like activity and CTXs in the same fish sample provides very strong evidence that the fish steaks consumed were similarly contaminated with CTXs. Furthermore, given the levels reported, such toxicity would be expected to cause intoxication in humans. Fish species identification based on DNA barcoding confirmed that the fish products were mislabeled, with the tissues instead being the Pinjalo snapper, Pinjalo pinjalo. This is the first confirmed ciguatera poisoning incident in both the UK and from the Pinjalo snapper and highlights the need for monitoring of these emerging toxins in reef fish imports to prevent future human intoxication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md23020067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T09:54:38Z","timestamp":1738835678000},"page":"67","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["First Confirmed Occurrence of Ciguatera Poisoning in the UK from Imported Pinjalo Snapper (Pinjalo pinjalo)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1390-0924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Turner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin H.","family":"Maskrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"Mudge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2537-0943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alison","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA"},{"name":"Department of Marine Sciences, University of South Alabama, University Avenue N., Mobile, AL 36688, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"CDC (Centre for Disease Control and Prevention) (2006). Ciguatera Fish Poisoning\u2014Texas, 1998 and South Carolina, 2004. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. (MMWR), 55, 935\u2013937."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2006.08.012","article-title":"Oceans and human health: Emerging public health risks in the marine environment","volume":"53","author":"Fleming","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) (2010). Scientific opinion on marine biotoxins in shellfish\u2014Emerging toxins: Ciguatoxin group. EFSA J., 8, 1627.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2010.1627"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101873","article-title":"Ciguatera poisonings: A global review of occurrences and trends","volume":"102","author":"Chinain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and World Health Organization (2020). Report of the Expert Meeting on Ciguatera Poisoning: Rome, 19\u201323 November 2018, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.43.1021","article-title":"Finding of a dinoflagellate as a likely culprit of ciguatera","volume":"43","author":"Yasumoto","year":"1977","journal-title":"Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8929","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00206a032","article-title":"Structures of ciguatoxin and its congoner","volume":"111","author":"Murata","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4380","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00167a040","article-title":"Structures and configurations of ciguatoxin from the moray eel Gymnothorax javanicus and its likely precursor from the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus","volume":"112","author":"Murata","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"615","article-title":"Origin and transfer of toxins involved in ciguatera","volume":"106","author":"Lewis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friedman, M.A., Fernandez, M., Backer, L.C., Dickey, R.W., Bernstein, J.B., Schrank, K., Kibler, S., Stephan, W., Gribble, M.O., and Bienfang, P. (2017). An updated review of ciguatera fish poisoning: Clinical, epidemiological, environmental, and public health management. Mar. Drugs, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/md15030072"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ikehara, T., Kuniyoshi, K., Oshiro, N., and Yasumoto, T. (2017). Biooxidation of ciguatoxins leads to species-specific toxin profiles. Toxins, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9070205"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12946","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c03789","article-title":"Selective and efficient capture and release of vic-diol-containing Pacific and Caribbean ciguatoxins from fish extracts with a boronate affinity polymer","volume":"70","author":"Mudge","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138659","article-title":"Algal ciguatoxin identified as source of ciguatera poisoning in the Caribbean","volume":"330","author":"Mudge","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1960.tb26421.x","article-title":"Observations on ciguatera-type toxin in fish","volume":"90","author":"Banner","year":"1960","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.2307\/1441137","article-title":"Retention of ciguatera toxin by red snapper Lutjanus bohar","volume":"1966","author":"Banner","year":"1966","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(00)00382-2","article-title":"Ciguatera: Recent advances but the risk remains","volume":"61","author":"Lehane","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.09.008","article-title":"Ciguatera: A public health perspective","volume":"56","author":"Dickey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habibi, N., Uddin, S., Dechraoui Bottein, M.-Y., and Faizuddin, M. (2021). Ciguatera in the Indian Ocean with special insights on the Arabian Sea and Adjacent Gulf and Seas: A review. Toxins, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13080525"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oshiro, N., Nagasawa, H., Nishimura, M., Kuniyoshi, K., Kobayashi, N., Sugita-Konishi, Y., Ikehara, T., Tachihara, K., and Yasumoto, T. (2023). Analytical studies on ciguateric fish in Okinawa, Japan (II): The Group Variola albimarginata. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse11020242"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"12","article-title":"Ability of giant clams to bioaccumulate ciguatoxins from Gambierdiscus cells","volume":"55","author":"Roue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Harmful Algae News"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darius, H.T., Rou\u00e9, M., Sibat, M., Viallon, J., Mahana iti Gatti, C., Vanderesa, M.W., Tester, P.A., Litaker, R.W., Amzil, Z., and Hess, P. (2018). Tectus niolticus (Tegulidae, Gastropod) as a novel vector of ciguatera poisoning: Detection of Pacific ciguatoxins in toxic samples from Nuka Hiva Island (French Polynesia). Toxins, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10010002"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4988","DOI":"10.1021\/ja9944204","article-title":"Structural elucidation of ciguatoxin congeners by fast-atom bombardment tandem mass spectroscopy","volume":"122","author":"Yasumoto","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.08.059","article-title":"Caribbean ciguatoxin profile in raw and cooked fish implicated in ciguatera","volume":"131","author":"Abraham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.3390\/md6030456","article-title":"Ciguatera fish poisoning: Treatment, prevention and management","volume":"6","author":"Friedman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oshiro, N., Tomikawa, T., Kuniyoshi, K., Ishikawa, A., Toyofuku, H., Kojima, T., and Asakura, H. (2021). LC\u2013MS\/MS Analysis of Ciguatoxins Revealing the Regional and Species Distinction of Fish in the Tropical Western Pacific. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse9030299"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3358\/shokueishi.62.8","article-title":"Detection of Ciguatoxins from Fish Introduced into a Wholesale Market in Japan","volume":"62","author":"Oshiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Hyg. Soc. Jpn. (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi)"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"De Fouw, J.C., van Egmond, H.P., and Speijers, G.J.A. (2001). Ciguatera Fish Poisoning: A Review, RIVM. RIVM Report 388802 021."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"99","article-title":"Ciguatera fish poisoning in the Caribbean Islands and Western Atlantic","volume":"168","author":"Pottier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2003.09.004","article-title":"Identification of slow and fast-acting toxins in a highly ciguatoxic barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda) by HPLC\/MS and radiolabelled ligand binding","volume":"42","author":"Pottier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2005.06.023","article-title":"Study of an outbreak of ciguatera fish poisoning in Hong 272 Kong","volume":"46","author":"Wong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.10.015","article-title":"Prevalence, symptoms and chronicity of ciguatera in New Caledonia: Results from an adult population survey conducted in Noumea during 2005","volume":"56","author":"Baumann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.3390\/md8061838","article-title":"Update on methodologies available for ciguatoxin determination: Perspectives to confront the onset of ciguatera fish poisoning in Europe","volume":"8","author":"Caillaud","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(01)00259-8","article-title":"Isolation and characterisation of Indian Ocean ciguatoxin","volume":"40","author":"Hamilton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(02)00146-0","article-title":"Multiple ciguatoxins present in Indian Ocean reef fish","volume":"40","author":"Hamilton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.06.007","article-title":"Human fatality associated with Pacific ciguatoxin contaminated fish","volume":"56","author":"Hamilton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boucaud-Maitre, D., Vernoux, J.P., Pelczar, S., Daudens-Vaysse, E., Aubert, L., Boa, S., Ferracci, S., and Garnier, R. (2018). Incidence and clinical characteristics of ciguatera fish poisoning in Guadeloupe (French West Indies) 275 between 2013 and 2016: A retrospective cases-series. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21373-2"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"896","article-title":"Toxicology and diversity of marine toxins. In: Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Principles. Ed: R.C. Gupta, Elsevier","volume":"69","author":"Tubaro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chp"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(91)90209-A","article-title":"Purification and characterization of ciguatoxins from moray eel (Lycodontisjavanicus, Muraenidae)","volume":"29","author":"Lewis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2024, December 29). EC regulation no 625\/2017 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2017 Amending EC Regulation 854\/2004 Laying down Specific Rules for the Organisation of Official Controls on Products of Animal Origin Intended for Human Consumption. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2017\/625\/oj\/eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1112.050393","article-title":"Ciguatera fish poisoning, Canary Islands","volume":"11","author":"Luzardo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"75","article-title":"Morphological identification of two tropical dinoflagellates of the genera Gambierdiscus and Sinophysis in the Mediterranean Sea","volume":"9","author":"Aligizaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Res. Thessalon."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"6","article-title":"Is Gambierdiscus expanding to new areas?","volume":"36","author":"Aligizaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Harmful Algae News"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Estevez, P., Castro, D., Pequeno-Valrierra, A., Leao, J.M., Vilarino, O., Diogene, J., and Gago-Martinez, A. (2019). An attempt to characterise the ciguatoxin profile in Seriola fasciata causing ciguatera fish poisoning in Macaronesia. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11040221"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.12.038","article-title":"Implementation of liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of ciguatera fish poisoning in contaminated fish samples from Atlantic coasts","volume":"280","author":"Estevez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Estevez, P., Sibat, M., Leao-Martins, J.M., Costa, P.R., Gago-Mart\u00ednez, A., and Hess, P. (2020). Liquid Chromatography Coupled to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Confirmation of Caribbean Ciguatoxin-1 as the Main Toxin Responsible for Ciguatera Poisoning Caused by Fish from European Atlantic Coasts. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12040267"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.135960","article-title":"Characterisation of the ciguatoxin profile in fish samples from the Eastern Atlantic Ocean using Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry","volume":"418","author":"Estevez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, P.R., Estevez, P., Castro, D., Soli\u00f1o, L., Gouveia, N., Santos, C., Rodrigues, S.M., Leao, J.M., and Gago-Mart\u00ednez, A. (2018). New Insights into the Occurrence and Toxin Profile of Ciguatoxins in Selvagens Islands (Madeira, Portugal). Toxins, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10120524"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Fraga, S., Riobo, P., Diogene, J., Paz, B., and Franco, J.M. (2004, January 15\u201319). Toxic and potentially toxic benthic dinoflagellates observed in Macaronesia (NE Atlantic Archipelago). Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Cape Town, South Africa."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2011.06.013","article-title":"Gambierdiscus exectricus sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a benthic toxic dinoflagellate from the Canary Islands (NE Atlantic Ocean)","volume":"11","author":"Fraga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.07.021","article-title":"Ciguatera fish poisoning on the West Africa Coast: An emerging risk in the Canary Islands (Spain)","volume":"56","author":"Boada","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6032","DOI":"10.1021\/ac100516q","article-title":"First toxin profile of ciguateric fish in Madeira Arquipelago (Europe)","volume":"82","author":"Otero","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"327","article-title":"Ciguatera fish poisoning following travel to the tropics","volume":"35","author":"Sanner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Z. Fur Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2004). Marine Biotoxins, FAO. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2014.10.016","article-title":"Ciguatera fish poisoning: A first epidemic in Germany highlights an increasing risk for European countries","volume":"91","author":"Mattei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-016-2456-y","article-title":"Erster Ciguatera-Ausbruch in Deutschland 2012","volume":"59","author":"Friedemann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt-Gesundheitsforschung-Gesundheitsschutz"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s00003-018-1191-8","article-title":"Ciguatera fish poisoning outbreaks from 2012 to 2017 in Germany caused by snappers from India, Indonesia, and Vietnam","volume":"14","author":"Friedemann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Consum. Prot. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loeffler, C.R., Spielmeyer, A., Friedemann, M., Kapp, K., Schwank, U., Kappenstein, O., and Bodi, D. (2022). Food safety risk in Germany from mislabeled imported fish: Ciguatera outbreak trace-back, toxin elucidation, and public health implications. Front. Mar. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.849857"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dao, H.V., Uesugi, A., Uchida, H., Watanabe, R., Matsushima, R., Lim, Z.F., Jipanin, S.J., Pham, K.X., Phan, M.-T., and Leaw, C.P. (2021). Identification of fish species and toxins implicated in a snapper food poisoning event in Sabah, Malaysia, 2017. Toxins, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13090657"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(98)00142-1","article-title":"Fish poisoning due to toxins of microalgal origins in the Pacific","volume":"36","author":"Yasumoto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Turquet, J., Quod, J.P., Pannetier, S., Ramialiharisoa, A., Ranaivoson, G., Hurbungs, M., and Jeannoda, V. (2000). Manuel M\u00e9thodologique. Suivi et Pr\u00e9vention des Intoxications par Consommation d\u2019Animaux Marins dans le Sud-Ouest de l\u2019Oc\u00e9an Indien, R\u00e9alis\u00e9 par ARVAM pour le compte de Commission de l\u2019oc\u00e9an Indien."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2007.11.025","article-title":"Severe seafood poisoning in French Polynesia: A retrospective analysis of 129 medical files","volume":"51","author":"Gatti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"(2024, December 29). Contamination of Sharks, Especially Tiger and Bull Sharks, by Ciguatoxins: Occurrence, Analytical Methods, Human Cases REPORTED and Ethological Information; ANSES Opinion, Collective Expert Appraisal Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/296282697."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8240","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08682-8","article-title":"Identification of ciguatoins in a shark involved in a fatal food poisoning in the Indian Ocean","volume":"7","author":"Diogene","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(95)00164-6","article-title":"Ciguatera in Reunion Island (SW Indian Ocean): Epidemiology and clinical patterns","volume":"34","author":"Quod","year":"1995","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"287","article-title":"Confirmation of ciguatoxin fish poisoning in red snapper Lutjanus bohar (Forsskal, 1775) by mouse bioassay","volume":"54","author":"Rajisha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fish. Technol."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Karunasagar, I., Turner, A.D., Maskrey, B., Robertson, A., Shivanagouda Hosagoudar, S., Rai, P., Adappa, S., Hiremath, S., Kogaluru Shivakumaraswamy, S., and Dechraoui Bottein, M.Y. (2018, January 21\u201326). Report of a major outbreak of ciguatera fish poisoning in Mangalore, India. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Nantes, France."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-7189(199907\/08)7:4<157::AID-NT52>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Monitoring brevetoxins during a gymnodinium breve red tide: Comparison of sodium channel specific cytotoxicity assay and mouse bioassay for determination of neurotoxic shellfish toxins in shellfish extracts","volume":"7","author":"Dickey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Tox."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/78.2.521","article-title":"Detection of sodium channel toxins: Directed cytotoxicity assays of purified ciguatoxins, brevetoxins, saxitoxins, and seafood extracts","volume":"78","author":"Manger","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2005.04.006","article-title":"Use of two detection methods to discriminate ciguatoxins from brevetoxins: Application to great barracuda from Florida Keys","volume":"46","author":"Dechraoui","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8886","DOI":"10.1021\/ac200799j","article-title":"Detailed LC-MS\/MS analysis of ciguatoxins revealing distinct regional and species characteristics in fish and causative alga from the Pacific","volume":"83","author":"Yogi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.5740\/jaoacint.SGEYogi","article-title":"Determination of Toxins Involved in Ciguatera Fish Poisoning in the Pacific by LC\/MS","volume":"97","author":"Yogi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"USFDA (2025, January 26). Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance, Fourth Edition, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/seafood-guidance-documents-regulatory-information\/fish-and-fishery-products-hazards-and-controls-guidance."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3391\/bir.2019.8.1.17","article-title":"First record of the non-indigenous Indo-Pacific damselfish, Neopomacentrus cyanomos (Bleeker, 1856) in the northern Gulf of Mexico","volume":"8","author":"Bennett","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioInvasions Rec."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/94.1.201","article-title":"A single-laboratory validated method for the generation of DNA barcodes for the identification of fish for regulatory compliance","volume":"94","author":"Handy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-8286.2007.01748.x","article-title":"Universal primer cocktails for fish DNA barcoding","volume":"7","author":"Ivanova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Notes"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2005.1716","article-title":"DNA barcoding Australia\u2019s fish species","volume":"360","author":"Ward","year":"2005","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. B"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kryuchkov, F., Robertson, A., Miles, C.O., and Uhlig, S. (2020). LC-HRMS and chemical derivatization strategies for the structure elucidation of Caribbean ciguatoxins: Identification of C-CTX-3 and -4. Mar. Drugs, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/md18040182"},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2019, November 26). FAO Major Fishing Areas, Indian Ocean, Western. FAO, Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/fishery\/area\/Area51\/en."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(95)00051-M","article-title":"Fatal mass poisoning in Madagascar following ingestion of a shark (Carcharhinus leucas): Clinical and epidemiological aspects and isolation of toxins","volume":"33","author":"Boisier","year":"1995","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"367","article-title":"Observations on fish poisoning in Mauritius","volume":"1","author":"Jones","year":"1956","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Arts. Sci. Mauritius"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.21077\/ijf.2017.64.4.71558-20","article-title":"Incidence of ciguatoxin fish poisoning in Trivandrum, India","volume":"64","author":"Rajisha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Fish"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"153","article-title":"Ciguatoxin\u2014An emerging biological hazard among reef fishes of India","volume":"55","author":"Rajisha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fish. Technol."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"RASFF (2025, January 25). Ciguatera Poisoning Reports Relating to Fish Originating from India. European Commission RASFF Portal. Available online: https:\/\/webgate.ec.europa.eu\/rasff-window\/portal\/?event=searchResultList."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loeffler, C.R., Tartaglione, L., Friedemann, M., Spielmeyer, A., Kappenstein, O., and Bodi, D. (2021). Ciguatera Mini Review: 21st Century Environmental Challenges and the Interdisciplinary Research Efforts Rising to Meet Them. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18063027"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spielmeyer, A., Loeffler, C.R., and Bodi, D. (2021). Extraction and LC-MS\/MS analysis of ciguatoxins: A semi-targeted approach designed for fish of unknown origin. Toxins, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13090630"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"17","article-title":"Revision of the Indo-Pacific lutjanid genus Pinjalo, with description of a new species","volume":"14","author":"Randall","year":"1987","journal-title":"Indo-Pac. Fish"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allen, G.R., and Erdmann, M.W. (2012). Reef fishes of the East Indies, University of Hawaii Press. Tropical Reef Research.","DOI":"10.1896\/054.064.0104"},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Assadi, H., and Dehghani, R.P. (1997). Atlas of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman Fishes, Iranian Fisheries Research and Training Organization."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Sommer, C., Schneider, W., and Poutiers, J.M. (1996). FAO species identification field guide for fishery purposes. The Living Marine Resources of Somalia, FAO. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/docrep\/010\/v8730e\/v8730e00.htm."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Smayada, T.J., and Shimizu, Y. (1993). A turning point in ciguatera study. Toxic Phytoplankton Blooms in the Sea, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2017.10.004","article-title":"Analytical challenges to ciguatoxins","volume":"18","author":"Suzuki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3109\/15569549609064079","article-title":"Chemistry, etiology and determination methods of Ciguatera Toxins","volume":"15","author":"Yasumoto","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Toxins Rev."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"625","article-title":"The mouse ciguatoxin bioassay: Directions for use to control fish for consumption","volume":"34","author":"Vernoux","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mem. Qld. Mus."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Yasumoto, T., Raj, U., and Bagnis, R. (1984). Seafood Poisoning in Tropical Regions, Laboratory of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Agriculture, Tohoku University."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Lewis, R.J., Sellin, M., Street, R., Holmes, M.J., and Gillespie, N.C. (May, January 30). Excretion of ciguatoxin from moray eel (Muraenidae) of the central Pacific. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Ciguatera Fish Poisoning, La Parguera, Puerto Rico, Quebec City, QC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(87)80252-1","article-title":"Ciguatoxin and brevetoxins share a common receptor site on the neuronal voltage-dependent Na channel","volume":"219","author":"Lombet","year":"1987","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(96)00166-3","article-title":"Identification of Caribbean ciguatoxins as the cause of an outbreak of fish poisoning among U.S. soldiers in Haiti","volume":"35","author":"Poli","year":"1997","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1993.1476","article-title":"Tetrazolium-based cell bioassay for neurotoxins active on voltage- sensitive sodium channels: Semiautomated assay for saxitoxin, brevetoxin, and ciguatoxin","volume":"214","author":"Manger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1021\/ac980598h","article-title":"HPLC\/tandem electrospray mass spectrometry for the determination of sub-ppb levels of Pacific and Caribbean ciguatoxins in crude extracts of fish","volume":"71","author":"Lewis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2007.05.007","article-title":"Ciguatera risk assessment in two toxic sites of French Polynesia using the receptor-binding assay","volume":"50","author":"Darius","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.03.013","article-title":"Rapid extraction combined with LC-tandem mass spectrometry (CREM-LC\/MS\/MS) for the determination of ciguatoxins in ciguateric fish flesh","volume":"54","author":"Lewis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"6649E","article-title":"Characterisation of ciguatoxins. EFSA external scientific report","volume":"18","author":"Leao","year":"2021","journal-title":"EFSA Support. Publ."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Botana, L.M. (2008). Ciguatera toxins: Chemistry, toxicology, and detection. Seafood and Freshwater Toxins: Pharmacology, Physiology and Detection, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420007541"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7318","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b00519","article-title":"Highly sensitive and practical fluorescence sandwich ELISA for ciguatoxins","volume":"90","author":"Tsumuraya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4137","article-title":"Ciguatoxin prevalence in four commercial fish species along an oceanic gradient in the US Virgin Islands","volume":"37","author":"Loeffler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Env. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3390\/md12010088","article-title":"Invasive lionfish (Pterois volitans): A potential human health threat for ciguatera fish poisoning in tropical waters","volume":"12","author":"Robertson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hardison, D.R., Holland, W.C., Darius, H.T., Chinain, M., Tester, P.A., Shea, D., Bogdanoff, A.K., Morris, J.A., Quintana, H.A.F., and Loeffler, C.R. (2018). Investigation of ciguatoxins in invasive lionfish from the greater Caribbean region: Implications for fishery development. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198358"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.4281","article-title":"Design of experiments for the optimisation of electrospray ionisation in the LC-MS\/MS analysis of ciguatoxins","volume":"53","author":"Moreiras","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mass Spec."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"61","article-title":"Ciguatera fish poisoning- New York City, 2010-2011","volume":"62","author":"Graber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Morb Mort. Wkly Rep."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0676","article-title":"Ciguatera incidence in the US Virgin Islands has not increased over a 30-year time period despite rising seawater temperatures","volume":"88","author":"Radke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2018.08.008","article-title":"Detection of pacific ciguatoxins using liquid chromatography coupled to either low or high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS)","volume":"1571","author":"Sibat","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tud\u00f3, A., Rambla-Alegre, M., Flores, C., Sagrist\u00e0, N., Aguayo, P., Reverte, L., Campas, M., Gouveia, N., Santos, C., and Andree, K.B. (2022). Identification of New CTX Analogues in Fish from the Madeira and Selvagens Archipelagos by Neuro-2a CBA and LC-HRMS. Mar. Drugs, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/md20040236"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0686","article-title":"Characteristic features and contributory factors in fatal ciguatera fish poisoning-implications for prevention and public education","volume":"94","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Visciano, P., Schirone, M., Berti, M., Milandri, A., Tofalo, R., and Suzzi, G. (2016). Marine Biotoxins: Occurrence, Toxicity, Regulatory Limits and Reference Methods. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01051"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1979.28.1067","article-title":"Clinical observations on 3009 cases of ciguatera (fish poisoning) in the South Pacific","volume":"28","author":"Bagnis","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3390\/md403082","article-title":"Ciguatoxins: Cyclic polyether modulators of voltage-gated ion channel function","volume":"4","author":"Nicholson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"885","article-title":"Poisoning, envenomation and trauma from marine creatures","volume":"69","author":"Perkins","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"451","article-title":"Painful ejaculation, Something fishy","volume":"31","author":"Senthilkumaran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Saudi. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_119","unstructured":"Anon (2003). EC regulation no 853\/2004 of the European parliament and of the council of 29 April 2004 laying down specific rules for the organisation of official controls on products of animal origin intended for human consumption. Off. J. Eur. Union, L139\/55."},{"key":"ref_120","unstructured":"USFDA (2013). Guidance for Industry: Purchasing Reef Fish Species Associated with the Hazard of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning, USFDA Guidance."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.09.014","article-title":"Contribution to the risk characterization of ciguatoxins: LOAEL estimated from eight ciguatera fish poisoning events in Guadeloupe (French West Indies)","volume":"143","author":"Hossen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Env. Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spielmeyer, A., Loeffler, C.R., and Kappenstein, O. (2022). Identical Ciguatoxin-3C group profiles in Lutjanus bohar from the Pacific and Indian Oceans\u2014indicating the need to re-evaluate geographical CTX classifications. Front. Mar. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.937438"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryu, A.H., Eckalbar, W.L., Kreimer, A., Yosef, N., and Ahituv, N. (2017). Use antibiotics in cell culture with caution: Genome-wide identification of antibiotic-induced changes in gene expression and regulation. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07757-w"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, Y., Xiong, T., Meng, X., Yu, D., Xiao, Z., and Song, L. (2018). Different influences on mitochondrial function, oxidative stress and cytotoxicity of antibiotics on primary human neuron and cell lines. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol., 33.","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22277"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2018.09.001","article-title":"Development of an LC-MS\/MS method to simultaneously monitor maitotoxins and selected ciguatoxins in algal cultures and P-CTX-1B in fish","volume":"80","author":"Murray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5740\/jaoacint.17-0017","article-title":"Single laboratory validation of a LC-MS\/MS method for quantitation of Tetrodotoxins in mussels and oysters","volume":"100","author":"Turner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.5740\/jaoacint.19-0240","article-title":"Ultra-high performance hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of paralytic shellfish toxins and tetrodotoxin in mussels, oysters, clams, cockles and scallops: Collaborative study","volume":"103","author":"Turner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."}],"container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/23\/2\/67\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:28:13Z","timestamp":1760027293000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/23\/2\/67"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"references-count":127,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["md23020067"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md23020067","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-3397"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-3397","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]}}}