{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T19:30:47Z","timestamp":1782502247719,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Basic Science Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A1-S-8616"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A1-S-8616"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Basic Science Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"C\u00e1tedra CONACyT (Investigadoras e Investigadores por M\u00e9xico, CONAHCYT)","award":["A1-S-8616"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A1-S-8616"]}]},{"name":"C\u00e1tedra CONACyT (Investigadoras e Investigadores por M\u00e9xico, CONAHCYT)","award":["1009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Among aquatic organisms, marine dinoflagellates are essential sources of bioactive metabolites. The benthic dinoflagellate Coolia malayensis produces metabolites that have exhibited substantial and specific cytotoxicity on cancer cells; however, isolation and identification of the purified compounds remain a challenge. This study reports C. malayensis biomass multi-step extraction plus chemical analyses for identifying compounds with antineoplastic activity. Through bio-directed fractionation, the cytotoxicity of extracts and fractions was tested on H1299 (lung), PC-3 (prostate), HeLa (cervical), and MCF-7 (breast) cancer cell lines. Dichloromethane (DCM) phase, hydroalcoholic (HYD) secondary extract, and methanolic (MET) extract showed cytotoxic effects on all cell lines. Active extracts and fractions were analyzed by HPLC-QTOF-MS, 1H, and 13C NMR. Cell lines H1299 and PC-3 treated with fractions F4, F7, and DCM2-AQ-Ch sub-extract showed morphological changes resembling those observed in the apoptosis control, and no signs of necrosis were observed. The selectivity of fraction F7 was above 100 \u03bcg mL\u22121 for healthy cells, while cytotoxic activity was observed in cancer cells. This fraction was identified as mostly fatty acids (FA) by NMR. Seventeen compounds with reported biological activities, such as antioxidant, analgesic, antiviral, and anticancer, were identified from C. malayensis extracts and fractions. Among them, the phycotoxins gambieric acid A and B, okadaic acid, and dinophysistoxin-1 were detected. Further studies are needed to reveal more significant anti-cancer potential from C. malayensis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md23030127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T13:07:51Z","timestamp":1741957671000},"page":"127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Benthic Dinoflagellate Coolia malayensis (Dinophyceae) Produces an Array of Compounds with Antineoplastic Activity in Cells of Tumor Origin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Itzel B.","family":"Morales-Montesinos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8875-8734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Yolanda","family":"Rios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Qu\u00edmicas, IICBA, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yordin D.","family":"Ocampo-Acu\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Qu\u00edmicas, IICBA, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baldomero","family":"Esquivel-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9976-5251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celia","family":"Bustos-Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda del Carmen","family":"Osorio-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biotecnolog\u00eda Marina, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y de Educaci\u00f3n Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada 22860, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8805-7228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorena M.","family":"Dur\u00e1n-Riveroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SECIHTI-Departamento de Biotecnolog\u00eda Marina, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y de Educaci\u00f3n, Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada 22860, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4456-1235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leticia","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Maya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.117179","article-title":"Analysis of Research Status and Trends on Marine Benthic Dinoflagellate Toxins: A Bibliometric Study Based on Web of Science Database and VOSviewer","volume":"238","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. 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