{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T06:17:10Z","timestamp":1789885030354,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFC2300800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2300800"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFC2300803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2300803"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["GXMNPCBC-2022-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GXMNPCBC-2022-03"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023WZK1001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023WZK1001"]}]},{"name":"Opening Project of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry","award":["2021YFC2300800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2300800"]}]},{"name":"Opening Project of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry","award":["2021YFC2300803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2300803"]}]},{"name":"Opening Project of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry","award":["GXMNPCBC-2022-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GXMNPCBC-2022-03"]}]},{"name":"Opening Project of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry","award":["2023WZK1001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023WZK1001"]}]},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis Prevention and Control","award":["2021YFC2300800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2300800"]}]},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis Prevention and Control","award":["2021YFC2300803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2300803"]}]},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis Prevention and Control","award":["GXMNPCBC-2022-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GXMNPCBC-2022-03"]}]},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis Prevention and Control","award":["2023WZK1001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023WZK1001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parasitic diseases pose a serious threat to the health of humans and the steady development of livestock husbandry. Although there are certain drug-based treatment methods, with the widespread application of drugs, various parasites are gradually developing drug resistance. Natural products are highly favored by researchers due to their characteristics such as low toxicity, multi-target effects, and low risk of drug resistance. The ocean, as the largest treasure trove of biological resources on Earth, has a special ecosystem (high pressure, high salt, and low oxygen). This enables marine organisms to develop a large number of unique structures during their survival competition. So far, a variety of compounds, such as terpenoids, have been isolated from the algae. As potential drugs, these compounds have certain curative effects on various diseases, including tumors, parasitic diseases, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, and tuberculosis. This paper systematically reviews and analyzes the current advances in research on the antiparasite effects of seaweed extracts. The primary objective of this research is to formulate a conceptual foundation for marine pharmaceutical exploration, focusing on the creation of innovative marine-based medicinal compounds to overcome the emerging problem of parasite resistance to conventional treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md23040171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T08:09:17Z","timestamp":1744790957000},"page":"171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Recent Advances in Research on Inhibitory Effects of Seaweed Extracts Against Parasites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Wenbing","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia Engineering Technology Research Center of Germplasm Resources Conservation and Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Yuquan District, Hohhot 010000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangyang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia Engineering Technology Research Center of Germplasm Resources Conservation and Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Yuquan District, Hohhot 010000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0596-6157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dengfeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Beibu Gulf Marine Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Daling Road No. 98, Nanning 530007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7383-5090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia Engineering Technology Research Center of Germplasm Resources Conservation and Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Yuquan District, Hohhot 010000, China"},{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis Prevention and Control, Xizang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lhasa 850000, China"},{"name":"National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, 207 Ruijin 2 Road, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liguang","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, 207 Ruijin 2 Road, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Dao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia Engineering Technology Research Center of Germplasm Resources Conservation and Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Yuquan District, Hohhot 010000, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Zoonotic Parasitic Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Severe Diagnosis and Treatment of Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, 207 Ruijin 2 Road, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia Engineering Technology Research Center of Germplasm Resources Conservation and Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Yuquan District, Hohhot 010000, China"},{"name":"National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, 207 Ruijin 2 Road, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01249-7","article-title":"Malaria","volume":"402","author":"Poespoprodjo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2019.09.005","article-title":"Artemisinin Bioactivity and Resistance in Malaria Parasites","volume":"35","author":"Talman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-020-00788-y","article-title":"Leishmaniasis immunopathology-impact on design and use of vaccines, diagnostics and drugs","volume":"42","author":"Kaye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morales-Yuste, M., Mart\u00edn-S\u00e1nchez, J., and Corpas-Lopez, V. (2022). Canine Leishmaniasis: Update on Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9080387"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc-2017-0287","article-title":"Do bismuth complexes hold promise as antileishmanial drugs?","volume":"10","author":"Ong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)00107-2","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"405","author":"Cecchi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasozi, K.I., MacLeod, E.T., Ntulume, I., and Welburn, S.C. (2022). An Update on African Trypanocide Pharmaceutics and Resistance. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.828111"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, W.-Y., Li, H.-J., Li, Q.-Y., and Wu, Y.-C. (2021). Application of marine natural products in drug research. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 35.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2021.116058"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, M., Avni, D., Varela, J., and Barreira, L. (2024). The Ocean\u2019s Pharmacy: Health Discoveries in Marine Algae. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29081900"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2009.02.010","article-title":"Antiplasmodial halogenated monoterpenes from the marine red alga Plocamium cornutum","volume":"70","author":"Afolayan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/2008-2231-21-35","article-title":"Biogenic trypanocidal sesquiterpenes: Lead compounds to design future trypanocidal drugs\u2014A mini review","volume":"21","author":"Saeidnia","year":"2013","journal-title":"DARU J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.3390\/md8112733","article-title":"Effect of elatol, isolated from red seaweed Laurencia dendroidea, on Leishmania amazonensis","volume":"8","author":"Filho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arberas-Jim\u00e9nez, I., Nocchi, N., Chao-Pellicer, J., Sifaoui, I., Soares, A.R., D\u00edaz-Marrero, A.R., Fern\u00e1ndez, J.J., Pi\u00f1ero, J.E., and Lorenzo-Morales, J. (2023). Chamigrane-Type Sesquiterpenes from Laurencia dendroidea as Lead Compounds against Naegleria fowleri. Mar. Drugs, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/md21040224"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1250526","article-title":"Antileishmanial sesquiterpenes from the brazilian red Alga Laurencia dendroidea","volume":"77","author":"Machado","year":"2010","journal-title":"Planta Medica"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"dos Santos, G.S., Miyasato, P.A., Stein, E.M., Colepicolo, P., Wright, A.D., Pereira, C.A.d.B., Falkenberg, M., and Nakano, E. (2022). Algal-Derived Halogenated Sesquiterpenes from Laurencia dendroidea as Lead Compounds in Schistosomiasis Environmental Control. Mar. Drugs, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/md20020111"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1021\/np030176p","article-title":"Brominated sesquiterpenes from the red alga Laurencia obtusa","volume":"66","author":"Topcu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1021\/np0002684","article-title":"New Bromoditerpenes from the red alga Sphaerococcus coronopifolius","volume":"64","author":"Etahiri","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-Marrero, A.R., L\u00f3pez-Arencibia, A., Bethencout-Estrella, C.J., Cen-Pacheco, F., Sifaoui, I., Creus, A.H., Duque-Ram\u00edrez, M.C., Souto, M.L., Daranas, A.H., and Lorenzo-Morales, J. (2019). Antiprotozoal activities of marine polyether triterpenoids. Bioorg. Chem., 92.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2019.103276"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorenzo-Morales, J., D\u00edaz-Marrero, A.R., Cen-Pacheco, F., Sifaoui, I., Reyes-Batlle, M., Souto, M.L., Daranas, A.H., Pi\u00f1ero, J.E., and Fern\u00e1ndez, J.J. (2019). Evaluation of Oxasqualenoids from the Red Alga Laurencia viridis against Acanthamoeba. Mar. Drugs, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/md17070420"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjp.2019.08.003","article-title":"Natural products from marine red and brown algae against Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"29","author":"Teixeira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Farm."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.3390\/md7030361","article-title":"The mediterranean red alga Asparagopsis: A source of compounds against Leishmania","volume":"7","author":"Genovese","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitale, F., Genovese, G., Bruno, F., Castelli, G., Piazza, M., Migliazzo, A., Minicante, S.A., Manghisi, A., and Morabito, M. (2015). Effectiveness of red alga Asparagopsis taxiformis extracts against Leishmania infantum. Open Life Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.1515\/biol-2015-0050"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3094","article-title":"Antiprotozoal, antimycobacterial and cytotoxic potential of twenty-three British and Irish red algae","volume":"24","author":"Allmendinger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.10.012","article-title":"In vitro amoebicidal and antioxidant activities of some Tunisian seaweeds","volume":"183","author":"Chiboub","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.3390\/md11030599","article-title":"Eleganolone, a diterpene from the French marine alga Bifurcaria bifurcata inhibits growth of the human pathogens Trypanosoma brucei and Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"11","author":"Attioua","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smyrniotopoulos, V., Merten, C., Kaiser, M., and Tasdemir, D. (2017). Bifurcatriol, a New Antiprotozoal Acyclic Diterpene from the Brown Alga Bifurcaria bifurcata. Mar. Drugs, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/md15080245"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiboub, O., Sifaoui, I., Lorenzo-Morales, J., Abderrabba, M., Mejri, M., Fern\u00e1ndez, J.J., Pi\u00f1ero, J.E., and D\u00edaz-Marrero, A.R. (2019). Spiralyde A, an Antikinetoplastid Dolabellane from the Brown Alga Dictyota spiralis. Mar. Drugs, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/md17030192"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soares, D.C., Calegari-Silva, T.C., Lopes, U.G., Teixeira, V.L., Paix\u00e3o, I.C.N.d.P., Cirne-Santos, C., Bou-Habib, D.C., and Saraiva, E.M. (2012). Dolabelladienetriol, a compound from Dictyota pfaffii algae, inhibits the infection by Leishmania amazonensis. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001787"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.3390\/md9112369","article-title":"4-Acetoxydolastane diterpene from the Brazilian brown alga Canistrocarpus cervicornis as an-tileishmanial agent","volume":"9","author":"Santos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miclon, M., Courtot, \u00c9., Gu\u00e9gnard, F., Lenhof, O., Boudesocque-Delaye, L., Matard-Mann, M., Coll\u00e9n, P.N., Castagnone-Sereno, P., and Neveu, C. (2023). The Brown Alga Bifurcaria bifurcata Presents an Anthelmintic Activity on All Developmental Stages of the Parasitic Nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12040540"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geisshirt, H.A., Bonde, C.S., Marcussen, C., Mejer, H., and Williams, A.R. (2023). Development of In Vitro Assays with the Canine Hookworm Uncinaria stenocephala and Assessment of Natural Plant Products for Anti-Parasitic Activity. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12040536"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdel-Hakeem, S.S., Hassan, F.A.M., Hifney, A.F., and Salem, S.H. (2024). Combating the causative agent of amoebic keratitis, Acanthamoeba castellanii, using Padina pavonica alcoholic extract: Toxicokinetic and molecular docking approaches. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-63691-8"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2017.1405403","article-title":"Antimicrobial and antiparasitic activities of three algae from the northwest coast of Algeria","volume":"33","author":"Ghania","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14052","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules190914052","article-title":"The in vitro biological activity of the brazilian brown seaweed Dictyota mertensii against Leishmania amazonensis","volume":"19","author":"Reis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-015-0538-0","article-title":"Anti-leishmanial activity of Brazilian green, brown, and red algae","volume":"28","author":"Lira","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.3390\/md9060922","article-title":"Antiprotozoal activities of organic extracts from french marine seaweeds","volume":"9","author":"Kaiser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3166\/s10298-015-0994-3","article-title":"Activit\u00e9 anti-leishmanienne des extraits d\u2019une algue brune Bifurcaria bifurcata de la c\u00f4te atlantique du Maroc","volume":"16","author":"Ainane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytotherapie"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Ainane, T., Abourriche, A., Bennamara, A., Talbi, M., and Lemrani, M. (2015). Anti-leishmanial activity of extracts from a brown seaweed Bifurcaria bifurcata the Atlantic coast of Morocco. Phytoth\u00e9rapie, 1\u20136."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmaidomy, A.H., Zahran, E.M., Soltane, R., Alasiri, A., Saber, H., Ngwa, C.J., Pradel, G., Alsenani, F., Sayed, A.M., and Abdelmohsen, U.R. (2022). New Halogenated Compounds from Halimeda macroloba Seaweed with Potential Inhibitory Activity against Malaria. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27175617"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3072","article-title":"Antiprotozoal, antimycobacterial and cytotoxic potential of some british green algae","volume":"24","author":"Spavieri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2008.07.035","article-title":"Evaluation of selected tropical seaweeds for in vitro anti-trichomonal activity","volume":"120","author":"Robledo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2014.06.017","article-title":"The antitumor activity of a red alga polysaccharide complexes carrying 5-fluorouracil","volume":"69","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.12.049","article-title":"\u03ba-Carrageenan: An effective drug carrier to deliver curcumin in cancer cells and to induce apoptosis","volume":"160","author":"Sathuvan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Q., Chen, J., Deng, W., Cao, X., Wang, Y., Zhou, J., Xu, W., Du, P., Wang, Q., and Yu, J. (2017). Direct reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts into neural cells via Porphyra yezoensis polysaccharide based high efficient gene co-delivery. J. Nanobiotechnol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-017-0317-y"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Han, W., Zhao, X., Tang, W., and Wang, F. (2019). Epirubicin-loaded marine carrageenan oligosaccharide capped gold nanoparticle system for pH-triggered anticancer drug release. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43106-9"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2019.1692968","article-title":"Nanoparticles for antiparasitic drug delivery","volume":"26","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2023.106982","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Sargassum tenerrimum\u2014A marine seaweed","volume":"245","author":"Veeragoni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghareeb, R.Y., El-Din, N.G.E.-D.S., El Maghraby, D.M., Ibrahim, D.S.S., Abdel-Megeed, A., and Abdelsalam, N.R. (2022). Nematicidal activity of seaweed-synthesized silver nanoparticles and extracts against Meloidogyne incognita on tomato plants. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06600-1"}],"container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/23\/4\/171\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:15:38Z","timestamp":1760030138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/23\/4\/171"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["md23040171"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md23040171","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-3397"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-3397","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]}}}