{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T12:13:39Z","timestamp":1768565619617,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"INTERREG Italy-Malta projects \u201cHARMONY\u201d Operational Program","award":["C1-3.1-31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C1-3.1-31"]}]},{"name":"INTERREG Italy-Malta projects \u201cHARMONY\u201d Operational Program","award":["C.2-3.1-115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C.2-3.1-115"]}]},{"name":"INTERREG Italy-Malta projects \u201cHARMONY\u201d Operational Program","award":["07\/RBC\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["07\/RBC\/20"]}]},{"name":"INTERREG Italy-Malta projects \u201cHARMONY\u201d Operational Program","award":["CUP G79C19000090009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP G79C19000090009"]}]},{"name":"\u201cSenHAR\u201d Operational Program","award":["C1-3.1-31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C1-3.1-31"]}]},{"name":"\u201cSenHAR\u201d Operational Program","award":["C.2-3.1-115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C.2-3.1-115"]}]},{"name":"\u201cSenHAR\u201d Operational Program","award":["07\/RBC\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["07\/RBC\/20"]}]},{"name":"\u201cSenHAR\u201d Operational Program","award":["CUP G79C19000090009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP G79C19000090009"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["C1-3.1-31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C1-3.1-31"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["C.2-3.1-115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C.2-3.1-115"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["07\/RBC\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["07\/RBC\/20"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["CUP G79C19000090009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP G79C19000090009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Octocorals have proven to be a prolific source of bioactive natural products, exhibiting a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities. Among octocorals, Pennatulaceans, commonly known as sea pens, are among the most dominant soft coral species living in benthic communities. Nonetheless, reports on bioactivity and chemical investigations of this genus are scarce. This prompted us to shed light on the pharmacological potential of the extracts of the sea pen Pennatula phosphorea, Linneus 1758, and gain an overview of its metabolome. Crude octocoral extracts, obtained with a modified Kupchan extraction protocol, were assessed for their bioactivity potential, revealing the hexanic extract to exert anti-inflammatory effects and interesting protective properties in an in vitro model of sarcopenia and in auditory HEI-OC1 cisplatin-treated cells, while the chloroformic extract was active in reducing A375 melanoma cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. An untargeted metabolomic analysis unveiled that P. phosphorea collects a wide array of glycerophospholipids and phosphosphingolipids belonging to the ceramide phosphoinositol class, which were exclusive or more abundant in the hexanic extract. Their proven anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects could demonstrate the activity shown by the P. phosphorea hexanic extract. In addition, a group of prostaglandins, eluted mainly in the chloroformic extract, were putatively annotated. Since prostanoids from marine origin have been demonstrated to exert cytotoxic and anti-proliferative properties against various cancer cell lines, the presence of PGs in the P. phosphorea chloroform extract could justify its anti-melanoma activity. This is the first report on the presence of glycerophospholipids, phosphosphingolipids, and prostaglandins, along with the identification of novel congeners, in sea pens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md23050218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T07:44:57Z","timestamp":1747813497000},"page":"218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bioactivity Assessment and Untargeted Metabolomics of the Mediterranean Sea Pen Pennatula phosphorea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Silvia","family":"Scarpato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Via A.F. Acton, Molosiglio, 80133 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3933-0236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Venturi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba\u2013Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3768-4712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fortunato","family":"Palma Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Via A.F. Acton, Molosiglio, 80133 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6980-9834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Mangano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Sicily Marine Centre, Lungomare Cristoforo Colombo (Complesso Roosevelt), 90142 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7658-5274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Sar\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, DiSTeM, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4172-2478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Margiotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba\u2013Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ester","family":"Pagano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Miraglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2811-8628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Sangiovanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1344-2786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mercedes","family":"Garcia-Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8374-4432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Di Cesare Mannelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba\u2013Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Ghelardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba\u2013Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5378-402X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Dell\u2019Agli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelo A.","family":"Izzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5809-2938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Nieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Center of Marine Pharmacology (MarinePHARMA), University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donatella","family":"de Pascale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Via A.F. Acton, Molosiglio, 80133 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8957-3259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Della Sala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Via A.F. Acton, Molosiglio, 80133 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hopley, D. (2011). Octocorallia. 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