{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T12:03:52Z","timestamp":1791374632523,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":214,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101086437"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101086437"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPJSBP1 120239904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPJSBP1 120239904"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Chiang Mai University","award":["101086437"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101086437"]}]},{"name":"Chiang Mai University","award":["JPJSBP1 120239904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPJSBP1 120239904"]}]},{"name":"JSPS Bilateral Collaborations","award":["101086437"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101086437"]}]},{"name":"JSPS Bilateral Collaborations","award":["JPJSBP1 120239904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPJSBP1 120239904"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microalgae offer a sustainable and versatile source of bioactive compounds. Their rapid growth, efficient CO2 utilization, and adaptability make them a promising alternative to traditional production methods. Key compounds, such as proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), polyphenols, phytosterols, pigments, and mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), hold significant commercial value and are widely utilized in food, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, driving innovation across multiple industries. Their antiviral and enzyme-producing capabilities further enhance industrial and medical applications. Additionally, microalgae-based biostimulants and plant elicitor peptides (PEPs) contribute to sustainable agriculture by enhancing plant growth and resilience to environmental stressors. The GRAS status of several species facilitates market integration, but challenges in scaling and cost reduction remain. Advances in biotechnology and metabolic engineering will optimize production, driving growth in the global microalgae industry. With increasing consumer demand for natural, eco-friendly products, microalgae will play a vital role in health, food security, and environmental sustainability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md23060222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T04:32:37Z","timestamp":1747888357000},"page":"222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Diversity of Bioactive Compounds in Microalgae: Key Classes and Functional Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6154-2813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maslin","family":"Osathanunkul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suebsuya","family":"Thanaporn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5222-141X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lefkothea","family":"Karapetsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plants, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38221 Volos, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia Maria","family":"Nteve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3725-3525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanouil","family":"Pratsinakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Stefanidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plants, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38221 Volos, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1260-3357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgos","family":"Lagiotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plants, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38221 Volos, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6244-6663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni","family":"Avramidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Zorxzobokou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0204-2561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgia","family":"Tsintzou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plants, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38221 Volos, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4754-3196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artemis","family":"Athanasiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plants, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38221 Volos, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Mpelai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plants, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38221 Volos, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6971-3269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constantinos","family":"Constandinidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4675-0435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiota","family":"Pantiora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3049-186X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mari\u00e1n","family":"Merino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bionos Biotech S.L., Av. Fernando Abril Martorell, 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Mullor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bionos Biotech S.L., Av. Fernando Abril Martorell, 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luka","family":"Dobrovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Particula Group Ltd., Tina Ujevi\u0107a 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0839-9832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Cerasino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IASMA Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach, 1, 38010 San Michele all\u2019Adige, TN, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8700-6330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomohisa","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Enzymology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 AzaAoba Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meropi","family":"Tsaousi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fresh Formula Private Limited Cosmetics Manufacturing Company, 1st km Lavriou Ave Koropiou\u2014Markopoulou, 19400 Koropi, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2525-1386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre M. C.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Necton S.A., Belamandil, 8700-152 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3634-1128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allmicroalgae-Natural Products S.A., Pataias-Gare, 2445-413 Pataias, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8038-2435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allmicroalgae-Natural Products S.A., Pataias-Gare, 2445-413 Pataias, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Nova School of Science and Technology, Nova University Lisbon, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3201-5736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GreenCoLab\u2014Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Oceano Verde, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias Do Mar Do Algarve, Universidade Do Algarve Campus Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1509-9180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas F.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Necton S.A., Belamandil, 8700-152 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Anjos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Necton S.A., Belamandil, 8700-152 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1925-9867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos E.","family":"Labrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1447-3514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Madesis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plants, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38221 Volos, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inam, A., Oncu-Oner, T., and Deniz, I. (2024). Algae in Biomedicine. Cell Biology and Translational Medicine, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2024_795"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2020.1711626","article-title":"A review on microalgae cultivation and harvesting, and their biomass extraction processing using ionic liquids","volume":"11","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.13019","article-title":"Microalgae-based sunscreens as green and sustainable cosmetic products","volume":"47","author":"Najafi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-024-02588-7","article-title":"Microalgae: A multifaceted catalyst for sustainable solutions in renewable energy, food security, and environmental management","volume":"23","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12869","article-title":"Microalgae as feed sources and feed additives for sustainable aquaculture: Prospects and challenges","volume":"16","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, M., Bastiaens, L., Verspreet, J., and Hayes, M. (2023). Applications of microalgae in foods, pharma and feeds and their use as fertilizers and biostimulants: Legislation and regulatory aspects for consideration. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12203878"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saadaoui, I., Rasheed, R., Aguilar, A., Cherif, M., Al Jabri, H., Sayadi, S., and Manning, S.R. (2021). Microalgal-based feed: Promising alternative feedstocks for livestock and poultry production. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-021-00593-z"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/cben.201600023","article-title":"Microalgae-based pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals: An emerging field with immense market potential","volume":"4","author":"Jha","year":"2017","journal-title":"ChemBioEng Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2013.04.004","article-title":"Potential of industrial biotechnology with cyanobacteria and eukaryotic microalgae","volume":"24","author":"Wijffels","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-004-1647-x","article-title":"Valuable products from biotechnology of microalgae","volume":"65","author":"Pulz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2007.02.001","article-title":"Biodiesel from microalgae","volume":"25","author":"Chisti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esteves, A.F., Gon\u00e7alves, A.L., Vilar, V.J., and Pires, J.C. (2024). Is it possible to shape the microalgal biomass composition with operational parameters for target compound accumulation?. Biotechnol. Adv., 79.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2024.108493"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.04.018","article-title":"Research progress and application of carbon sequestration in industrial flue gas by microalgae: A review","volume":"152","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, R.P., Yadav, P., Sharma, H., Kumar, A., Hashem, A., Abd_Allah, E.F., and Gupta, R.K. (2024). Unlocking the adaptation mechanisms of the oleaginous microalga Scenedesmus sp. BHU1 under elevated salt stress: A physiochemical, lipidomics and transcriptomics approach. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1475410"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ievina, B., and Romagnoli, F. (2024). Unveiling underlying factors for optimizing light spectrum to enhance microalgae growth. Bioresour. Technol., 418.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2024.131980"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Georgieva, Z., Karcheva, Z., Toshkova-Yotova, T., Georgieva, A., Toshkova, R., Petrova, D., Zhiponova, M., and Chaneva, G. (2024). Blue Light Enhances the Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antitumor Potential of the Green Microalgae Coelastrella sp.. BGV. Plants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13233295"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6023","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO01028G","article-title":"The generally recognized as safe (GRAS) microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis (wet) as a multifunctional additive for coloring and improving the organoleptic and functional properties of foods","volume":"14","author":"Castillo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masi, A., Leonelli, F., Scognamiglio, V., Gasperuzzo, G., Antonacci, A., and Terzidis, M.A. (2023). Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: A factory of nutraceutical and food supplements for human health. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28031185"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-021-01736-7","article-title":"Macular pigment-enriched oil production from genome-edited microalgae","volume":"21","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2024.106853","article-title":"The trade-offs associated with the adaptions of marine microalgae to high CO2 and warming","volume":"204","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-024-02286-8","article-title":"Review of recent advances in utilising aquaculture wastewater for algae cultivation and microalgae-based bioproduct recovery","volume":"46","author":"Shitu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2025, May 20). Available online: https:\/\/www.eaba-association.org\/en\/resources?resource_hit=5341&token=397a9021afc6ad2402a1111773c29303."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1080\/10826068.2024.2434879","article-title":"Harnessing algal biomass for sustainable energy: Cultivation, strain improvement, and biofuel production","volume":"55","author":"Mikkili","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prep. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gamal, R., and Shreadah, M.A. (2024). Marine microalgae and their industrial biotechnological applications: A review. J. Genet. Eng. Biotechnol., 22.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgeb.2024.100407"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rawindran, H., Khoo, K.S., Satpati, G.G., Maity, S., Chandran, K., Lim, J.W., Tong, W.Y., Setiabudi, H.D., and Yunus, N.M. Composition of carbohydrate, protein and lipid derived from microalgae using thermally pretreated solid waste. J. Sci. Food Agric., 2024.","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.14038"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5315","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erv236","article-title":"Evolutionary divergence of the plant elicitor peptides (Peps) and their receptors: Interfamily incompatibility of perception but compatibility of downstream signalling","volume":"66","author":"Lori","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.33714\/masteb.717126","article-title":"Determination of growth conditions for Chlorella vulgaris","volume":"9","author":"Deniz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Sci. Technol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2019.02.009","article-title":"Comparative study on the growth performance of Spirulina platensis on modifying culture media","volume":"5","author":"Soni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Mhanna, N., Pistorius, M., and Al Sammarraie, L. (2023). Optimization of the Cultivation Conditions of the Green Algae Dunaliella salina by Using Simplex Method. Processes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11010292"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"401","article-title":"Production characteristics of Dunaliella salina at two-phase pilot cultivation (Crimea)","volume":"20","author":"Borovkov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2817","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-021-02511-2","article-title":"A co-cultivation process of Nannochloropsis oculata and Tisochrysis lutea induces morpho-physiological and biochemical variations potentially useful for biotechnological purposes","volume":"33","author":"Maglie","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.18517\/ijaseit.3.2.307","article-title":"Pre-optimization conditions for Haematococcus pluvialis growth","volume":"3","author":"Hanan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2018.01.130","article-title":"Effect of nutrients on the growth and physiological features of newly isolated Haematococcus pluvialis TMU1","volume":"255","author":"Nahidian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"WHO (2007). Protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition. World Health Organization Technical Report Series, WHO."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1263\/jbb.101.87","article-title":"Commercial applications of microalgae","volume":"101","author":"Spolaore","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cep.2009.03.006","article-title":"Effect of temperature and nitrogen concentration on the growth and lipid content of Nannochloropsis oculata and Chlorella vulgaris for biodiesel production","volume":"48","author":"Converti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Process. Process Intensif."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, S., Sun, S., Li, T., Yan, Y., and Wang, Z. (2024). Application research and progress of microalgae as a novel protein resource in the future. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 1\u201324.","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2024.2431208"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.141828","article-title":"Sustainable algal proteins, novel extraction techniques and applications in the bakery, dairy and pharmaceutical industries: A comprehensive review","volume":"465","author":"Rather","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2006.11.002","article-title":"Micro-algae as a source of protein","volume":"25","author":"Becker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Podg\u00f3rska-Kryszczuk, I. (2024). Spirulina\u2014An Invaluable Source of Macro-and Micronutrients with Broad Biological Activity and Application Potential. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29225387"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sp\u00ednola, M.P., Mendes, A.R., and Prates, J.A. (2024). Chemical Composition, Bioactivities, and Applications of Spirulina (Limnospira platensis) in Food, Feed, and Medicine. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13223656"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2018.02.002","article-title":"Downstream processing of microalgae for pigments, protein and carbohydrate in industrial application: A review","volume":"110","author":"Khanra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siqueira, S.F., Queiroz, M.I., Zepka, L.Q., and Jacob-Lopes, E. (2018). Introductory chapter: Microalgae biotechnology. A Brief introduction. Microalgal Biotechnology, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.73250"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2011.582460","article-title":"Microalgae: A novel ingredient in nutrition","volume":"62","author":"Christaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apone, F., Barbulova, A., and Colucci, M.G. (2019). Plant and microalgae derived peptides are advantageously employed as bioactive compounds in cosmetics. Front. Plant Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.00756"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"99","article-title":"Manufacturing microalgae for skin care","volume":"120","author":"Stolz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cosmet. Toilet."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-3010.2006.00554.x","article-title":"Very long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in the UK and the potential of animal-derived foods to increase intake","volume":"31","author":"Givens","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mourelle, M.L., G\u00f3mez, C.P., and Legido, J.L. (2017). The potential use of marine microalgae and cyanobacteria in cosmetics and thalassotherapy. Cosmetics, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics4040046"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.4491\/eer.2017.220","article-title":"Valuable bioproducts obtained from microalgal biomass and their commercial applications: A review","volume":"23","author":"Bhalamurugan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/plb.12920","article-title":"The green microalga Lobosphaera incisa harbours an arachidonate 15S-lipoxygenase","volume":"21","author":"Djian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galasso, C., Gentile, A., Orefice, I., Ianora, A., Bruno, A., Noonan, D.M., Sansone, C., Albini, A., and Brunet, C. (2019). Microalgal derivatives as potential nutraceutical and food supplements for human health: A focus on cancer prevention and interception. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11061226"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-019-01663-2","article-title":"Nannochloropsis sp. and Spirulina sp. as a source of antifungal compounds to mitigate contamination by Fusarium graminearum species complex","volume":"76","author":"Scaglioni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/07388551.2021.1874284","article-title":"Insights into phenolic compounds from microalgae: Structural variety and complex beneficial activities from health to nutraceutics","volume":"41","author":"Smerilli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freile-Pelegr\u00edn, Y., and Robledo, D. (2013). Bioactive phenolic compounds from algae. Bioactive Compounds from Marine Foods: Plant and Animal Sources, John Wiley and Sons Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118412893.ch6"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2010.09.019","article-title":"Biologically active secondary metabolites from marine cyanobacteria","volume":"21","author":"Nunnery","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boo, Y.C. (2019). Can plant phenolic compounds protect the skin from airborne particulate matter?. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8090379"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, D., Li, X., Zhang, L., Xiao, P., Nie, Y., Qiu, F., Cheng, Z., Li, W., and Zhao, Y. (2024). Reactive oxygen species-mediated signal transduction and utilization strategies in microalgae. Bioresour. Technol., 418.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2024.132004"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.10.037","article-title":"Oxidative stress influences positive strand RNA virus genome synthesis and capping","volume":"475","author":"Gullberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2014.923282","article-title":"Anti-HIV-1 activity of phlorotannin derivative 8,4\u2034-dieckol from Korean brown alga Ecklonia cava","volume":"78","author":"Karadeniz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zanella, L., and Alam, M.A. (2020). Extracts and bioactives from microalgae (sensu stricto): Opportunities and challenges for a new generation of cosmetics. Microalgae Biotechnology for Food, Health and High Value Products, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-0169-2_9"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coulombier, N., Jauffrais, T., and Lebouvier, N. (2021). Antioxidant compounds from microalgae: A review. Mar. Drugs, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/md19100549"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X1998000800007","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of the microalga Spirulina maxima","volume":"31","author":"Miranda","year":"1998","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"7059","article-title":"Production of phenolic compounds from Spirulina maxima microalgae and its protective effects","volume":"8","year":"2009","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"556","article-title":"Comparison of DPPH and ABTS assays for determining antioxidant potential of water and methanol extracts of Spirulina platensis","volume":"42","author":"Shalaby","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Geo-Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-008-9341-5","article-title":"Growth characteristics of the cyanobacterium Nostoc flagelliforme in photoautotrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultivation","volume":"21","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2006.06.022","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of different fractions of selected microalgae","volume":"102","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-009-9424-y","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant properties and total phenolic contents of some strains of microalgae","volume":"22","author":"Hajimahmoodi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Charlewood, B.V., and Banthorpe, D.V. (1991). Methods in Plant Biochemistry, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2006.10.006","article-title":"Phytosterols: Applications and recovery methods","volume":"98","author":"Fernandes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Ledesma, B., and Herrero, M. (2013). Bioactive Compounds from Marine Foods: Plant and Animal Sources, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118412893"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2013.11.001","article-title":"Influence of extraction solvent system on extractability of lipid components from different microalgae species","volume":"3","author":"Ryckebosch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2015.05.013","article-title":"Pavlova lutheri is a high-level producer of phytosterols","volume":"10","author":"Ahmed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levasseur, W., Perr\u00e9, P., and Pozzobon, V. (2020). A review of high value-added molecules production by microalgae in light of the classification. Biotechnol. Adv., 41.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2020.107545"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7827(02)00006-1","article-title":"Phytosterols, phytostanols, and their conjugates in foods: Structural diversity, quantitative analysis, and health-promoting uses","volume":"41","author":"Moreau","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-5614(03)00060-8","article-title":"Potential uses and benefits of phytosterols in diet: Present situation and future directions","volume":"22","author":"Quilez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2005.02.003","article-title":"Phytosterols\u2014Health benefits and potential concerns: A review","volume":"25","author":"Kritchevsky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2009.29","article-title":"Anticancer effects of phytosterols","volume":"63","author":"Woyengo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706972","article-title":"Ergosterol peroxide from an edible mushroom suppresses inflammatory responses in RAW264. 7 macrophages and growth of HT29 colon adenocarcinoma cells","volume":"150","author":"Kobori","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/10286020290027362","article-title":"Bioactive steroids from the brown alga Sargassum carpophyllum","volume":"4","author":"Tang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00003544","article-title":"Microalgae as sources of pharmaceuticals and other biologically active compounds","volume":"7","author":"Borowitzka","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12227","article-title":"The evolution and versatility of microalgal biotechnology: A review","volume":"15","author":"Hamed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, J.L., De Vicente, M., and Gal\u00e1n, B. (2017). Microalgae, old sustainable food and fashion nutraceuticals. Microb. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.12800"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aizpuru, A., and Gonz\u00e1lez-S\u00e1nchez, A. (2024). Traditional and new trend strategies to enhance pigment contents in microalgae. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 40.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-024-04070-3"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"e67208","article-title":"Evaluation of the Effect of Growth Factors on Chlorophylls a and b Production from Microalgae","volume":"212","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3109\/07388551.2015.1108956","article-title":"Potential biotechnological application of microalgae: A critical review","volume":"37","author":"Odjadjare","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2241-5793-21-6","article-title":"An overview: Biomolecules from microalgae for animal feed and aquaculture","volume":"21","author":"Yaakob","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Res.-Thessalon."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1080\/10715762.2017.1355550","article-title":"Marine algae as attractive source to skin care","volume":"51","author":"Berthon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1039\/b507888c","article-title":"Too much light? How \u03b2-carotene protects the photosystem II reaction centre","volume":"4","author":"Telfer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2007.03.005","article-title":"Metabolic engineering of ketocarotenoids biosynthesis in the unicelullar microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii","volume":"130","author":"Couso","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, F.I., Imran, H., Akram, F., Khalid, T., and Shehzadi, S. (2025). Marine Carotenoids: Unlocking Advanced Antioxidant Mechanisms and Therapeutic Applications for Oxidative Stress. Mol. Biotechnol., 1\u201318.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-025-01420-w"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2024.103567","article-title":"Haematococcus lacustris genome assembly and annotation reveal diploid genetic traits and stress-induced gene expression patterns","volume":"80","author":"Marcolungo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s11120-017-0358-y","article-title":"Carotenogenic response in photosynthetic organisms: A colorful story","volume":"133","author":"Solovchenko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photosynth. Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, B., Ma, T., Nawaz, M., Chen, H., and Zheng, H. (2024). Advances in Metabolic Engineering for the Accumulation of Astaxanthin Biosynthesis. Mol. Biotechnol., 1\u201317.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-024-01289-1"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, J.J., Xie, Q., Lin, S., Xu, W., and Cheung, P.C.K. (2025). Microalgae-derived astaxanthin: Bioactivities, biotechnological approaches and industrial technologies for its production. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 1\u201335.","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2025.2468863"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10709","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2084600","article-title":"Health benefits of astaxanthin against age-related diseases of multiple organs: A comprehensive review","volume":"63","author":"Alugoju","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, H., Zhu, X., Yu, X., Li, S., Wang, K., Wei, L., Li, R., and Qin, S. (2025). Advancements of astaxanthin production in Haematococcus pluvialis: Update insight and way forward. Biotechnol. Adv., 79.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2025.108519"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinto, A.S., Maia, C., Sousa, S.A., Tavares, T., and Pires, J.C.M. (2025). Amino Acid and Carotenoid Profiles of Chlorella vulgaris During Two-Stage Cultivation at Different Salinities. Bioengineering, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12030284"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3351","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-012-2410-5","article-title":"Structure and function characterization of the phytoene desaturase related to the lutein biosynthesis in Chlorella protothecoides CS-41","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehariya, S., Iovine, A., Di Sanzo, G., Larocca, V., Martino, M., Leone, G.P., Casella, P., Karatza, D., Marino, T., and Musmarra, D. (2019). Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Lutein from Scenedesmus almeriensis. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24071324"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.10.066","article-title":"Comparative assessment on the extraction of carotenoids from microalgal sources: Astaxanthin from H. pluvialis and \u03b2-carotene from D. salina","volume":"277","author":"Rammuni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Budiarso, F.S., Leong, Y.K., Chang, J.J., Chen, C.Y., Chen, J.H., Yen, H.W., and Chang, J.S. (2025). Current advances in microalgae-based fucoxanthin production and downstream processes. Bioresour. Technol., 428.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.132455"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2174\/0118722083287672240321081428","article-title":"Nutritional Health Connection of Algae and its Pharmaceutical Value as Anticancer and Antioxidant Constituents of Drugs","volume":"19","author":"Mirza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e41531","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000041531","article-title":"Causal link between dietary antioxidant vitamins intake, oxidative stress injury biomarkers and colorectal cancer: A Mendelian randomization study","volume":"104","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70100","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.70100","article-title":"Carotenoids Modulate FoxO-Induced Cell Cycle Awrrest in Human Cancer Cell Lines: A Scoping Review","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2300439","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202300439","article-title":"Duplex Responsive Nanoplatform with Cascade Targeting for Atherosclerosis Photoacoustic Diagnosis and Multichannel Combination Therapy","volume":"35","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, R., Lv, M., Yang, X., and Zhai, S. (2025). A Mendelian randomized study of circulating antioxidants in the diet and risk of cardiovascular disease. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-94369-4"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3052","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.4c01889","article-title":"Potential Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Astaxanthin Ionic Liquid Liposomes","volume":"8","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio. Mater."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2024.117020","article-title":"Advance on the effects of algal carotenoids on inflammatory signaling pathways","volume":"281","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wakuda, N., Manabe, Y., Seko, T., and Sugawara, T. (2025). Different Suppressive Effects of Canthaxanthin and Fucoxanthin on Cellular Responses of Human Dermal Fibroblasts to Ultraviolet A Irradiation. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.","DOI":"10.1093\/bbb\/zbaf056"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polamraju, S.M., Manochkumar, J., Ganeshbabu, M., and Ramamoorthy, S. (2025). Unveiling astaxanthin: Biotechnological advances, delivery systems and versatile applications in nutraceuticals and cosmetics. Arch. Microbiol., 207.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-025-04241-2"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aoki, J., Koshikawa, R., and Asayama, M. (2025). Recent progress in the cyanobacterial products and applications of phycocyanins. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 41.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-025-04297-8"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motamedzadeh, A., Rahmati-Dehkordi, F., Heydari, H., Behnam, M., Rashidi Noshabad, F.Z., Tamtaji, Z., Taheri, A.T., Nabavizadeh, F., Aschner, M., and Mirzaei, H. (2024). Therapeutic potential of Phycocyanin in gastrointestinal cancers and related disorders. Mol. Biol. Rep., 51.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-024-09675-3"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1007\/s10930-017-9707-0","article-title":"The Inhibitory Effect of C-phycocyanin Containing Protein Extract (C-PC Extract) on Human Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) in Hepatocellular Cancer Cell Line (HepG2)","volume":"36","author":"Kunte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Protein J."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6995","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.4c00756","article-title":"Natural Phycocyanin\/Paclitaxel Micelle Delivery of Therapeutic P53 to Activate Apoptosis for HER2 or ER Positive Breast Cancer Therapy","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.06.145","article-title":"C-phycocyanin to overcome the multidrug resistance phenotype in human erythroleukemias with or without interaction with ABC transporters","volume":"106","author":"Fernandes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.01.009","article-title":"The synergistic antitumor effects of all-trans retinoic acid and C-phycocyanin on the lung cancer A549 cells in vitro and in vivo","volume":"749","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-89132014005000018","article-title":"Antitumor activity of C-phycocyanin from Arthronema africanum (Cyanophyceae)","volume":"57","author":"Gardeva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109602","article-title":"Colour stability and antioxidant activity of C-phycocyanin-added ice creams after in vitro digestion","volume":"137","author":"Braga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2018.09.057","article-title":"Phycocyanin-enriched yogurt and its antibacterial and physicochemical properties during 21 days of storage","volume":"102","author":"Ghiaci","year":"2019","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galetovi\u0107, A., Seura, F., Gallardo, V., Graves, R., Cort\u00e9s, J., Valdivia, C., N\u00fa\u00f1ez, J., Tapia, C., Neira, I., and Sanzana, S. (2020). Use of phycobiliproteins from atacama cyanobacteria as food colorants in a dairy beverage prototype. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9020244"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.02.021","article-title":"Iron-chelating ability and antioxidant properties of phycocyanin isolated from a protean extract of Spirulina platensis","volume":"110","author":"Bermejo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.006","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of cyanobacterial pigment protein phycoerythrin: In silico and in vitro study of BACE1 interaction and in vivo A\u03b2 reduction","volume":"134","author":"Chaubey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s11157-010-9214-7","article-title":"Commercial application of microalgae other than as biofuels: A brief review","volume":"10","author":"Milledge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Sci. Bio.\/Technol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2024.114362","article-title":"Phycocyanin from microalgae: A comprehensive review covering microalgal culture, phycocyanin sources and stability","volume":"186","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miranda, A.M., Hernandez-Tenorio, F., Villalta, F., Vargas, G.J., and S\u00e1ez, A.A. (2024). Advances in the Development of Biofertilizers and Biostimulants from Microalgae. Biology, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13030199"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Quintero, \u00c1., Fernandes, S.C., and Beigbeder, J.-B. (2023). Overview of microalgae and cyanobacteria-based biostimulants produced from wastewater and CO2 streams towards sustainable agriculture: A review. Microbiol. Res., 277.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2023.127505"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chabili, A., Minaoui, F., Hakkoum, Z., Douma, M., Meddich, A., and Loudiki, M. (2024). A comprehensive review of microalgae and cyanobacteria-based biostimulants for agriculture uses. Plants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13020159"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prisa, D., and Spagnuolo, D. (2023). Plant Production with Microalgal Biostimulants. Horticulturae, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202306.2157.v1"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zelman, A.K., and Berkowitz, G.A. (2023). Plant elicitor peptide (Pep) signaling and pathogen defense in tomato. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12152856"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hpj.2021.03.007","article-title":"Microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck) alleviates drought stress of broccoli plants by improving nutrient uptake, secondary metabolites, and antioxidative defense system","volume":"7","author":"Kusvuran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hortic. Plant J."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rachidi, F., Benhima, R., Kasmi, Y., Sbabou, L., and Arroussi, H.E. (2021). Evaluation of microalgae polysaccharides as biostimulants of tomato plant defense using metabolomics and biochemical approaches. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78820-2"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drira, M., Elleuch, J., Ben Hlima, H., Hentati, F., Gardarin, C., Rihouey, C., Le Cerf, D., Michaud, P., Abdelkafi, S., and Fendri, I. (2021). Optimization of exopolysaccharides production by Porphyridium sordidum and their potential to induce defense responses in Arabidopsis thaliana against Fusarium oxysporum. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11020282"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1080\/07388551.2021.1940088","article-title":"Bioproduction of L-and D-lactic acids: Advances and trends in microbial strain application and engineering","volume":"42","author":"Augustiniene","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s12600-022-01009-y","article-title":"Use of elicitors from macroalgae and microalgae in the management of pests and diseases in agriculture","volume":"51","author":"Poveda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytoparasitica"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1081\/FBT-100103893","article-title":"Enhancement of secondary metabolite production in hairy root cultures of Beta vulgaris and Tagetes patula under the influence of microalgal elicitors","volume":"15","author":"Rao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Food Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsintzou, G., and Madesis, P. (2024). Peptide Elicitors for Defense Against Abiotic Stress. Plant Elicitor Peptides: New Tool for Sustainable Agriculture, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-6374-0_2"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mishra, R., Kaur, P., Soni, R., Madan, A., Agarwal, P., and Singh, G. (2024). Decoding the photoprotection strategies and manipulating cyanobacterial photoprotective metabolites, mycosporine-like amino acids, for next-generation sunscreens. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 212.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2024.108744"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cagney, M.H., and O\u2019Neill, E.C. (2024). Strategies for producing high value small molecules in microalgae. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 214.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2024.108942"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosic, N., and Thornber, C. (2023). Biotechnological Potential of Macroalgae during Seasonal Blooms for Sustainable Production of UV-Absorbing Compounds. Mar. Drugs, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/md21120633"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, M., Jiang, Y., and Ding, Y. (2023). Recent progress in unraveling the biosynthesis of natural sunscreens mycosporine-like amino acids. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 50.","DOI":"10.1093\/jimb\/kuad038"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Punchakara, A., Prajapat, G., Bairwa, H.K., Jain, S., and Agrawal, A. (2023). Applications of mycosporine-like amino acids beyond photoprotection. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 89.","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00740-23"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, J., Guo, F., Liu, S., Fang, H., Xu, Z., and Wang, T. (2023). Recent advances and future prospects of mycosporine-like amino acids. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28145588"},{"key":"ref_143","first-page":"38","article-title":"Mycosporine-like amino acids: Natural UV-screening compounds from red algae to protect the skin against photoaging","volume":"129","author":"Schmid","year":"2003","journal-title":"S\u00d6FW-J."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2649","article-title":"Microbial ultraviolet sunscreens","volume":"9","author":"Gao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1039\/b405782a","article-title":"The deactivation pathways of the excited-states of the mycosporine-like amino acids shinorine and porphyra-334 in aqueous solution","volume":"3","author":"Conde","year":"2004","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Llewellyn, C.A., Greig, C., Silkina, A., Kultschar, B., Hitchings, M.D., and Farnham, G. (2020). Mycosporine-like amino acid and aromatic amino acid transcriptome response to UV and far-red light in the cyanobacterium Chlorogloeopsis fritschii PCC 6912. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77402-6"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaves-Pe\u00f1a, P., de la Coba, F., Figueroa, F.L., and Korbee, N. (2019). Quantitative and qualitative HPLC analysis of mycosporine-like amino acids extracted in distilled water for cosmetical uses in four Rhodophyta. Mar. Drugs, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/md18010027"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartmann, A., Glaser, K., Holzinger, A., Ganzera, M., and Karsten, U. (2020). Klebsormidin A and B, two new UV-sunscreen compounds in green microalgal Interfilum and Klebsormidium species (Streptophyta) from terrestrial habitats. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00499"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orfanoudaki, M., Alilou, M., Hartmann, A., Mayr, J., Karsten, U., Nguyen-Ngoc, H., and Ganzera, M. (2023). Isolation and structure elucidation of novel mycosporine-like amino acids from the two intertidal red macroalgae Bostrychia scorpioides and Catenella caespitosa. Mar. Drugs, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/md21100543"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orfanoudaki, M., Hartmann, A., Miladinovic, H., Nguyen Ngoc, H., Karsten, U., and Ganzera, M. (2019). Bostrychines A\u2013F, six novel mycosporine-like amino-acids and a novel betaine from the red alga Bostrychia scorpioides. Mar. Drugs, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/md17060356"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raj, S., Kuniyil, A.M., Sreenikethanam, A., Gugulothu, P., Jeyakumar, R.B., and Bajhaiya, A.K. (2021). Microalgae as a source of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs); advances and future prospects. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312402"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salehian, S., Saadatbakht, M., Tabarzad, M., and Hosseinabadi, T. (2023). Culture optimization to produce high yields of mycosporine-like amino acids by Fischerella sp. F5. Mol. Biotechnol., 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-023-00854-4"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bloom, D.E., and Cadarette, D. (2019). Infectious disease threats in the twenty-first century: Strengthening the global response. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00549"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roychoudhury, S., Das, A., Sengupta, P., Dutta, S., Roychoudhury, S., Choudhury, A.P., Ahmed, A.F., Bhattacharjee, S., and Slama, P. (2020). Viral pandemics of the last four decades: Pathophysiology, health impacts and perspectives. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249411"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Claus-Desbonnet, H., Nikly, E., Nalbantova, V., Karcheva-Bahchevanska, D., Ivanova, S., Pierre, G., Benbassat, N., Katsarov, P., Michaud, P., and Lukova, P. (2022). Polysaccharides and their derivatives as potential antiviral molecules. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14020426"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carbone, D.A., Pellone, P., Lubritto, C., and Ciniglia, C. (2021). Evaluation of microalgae antiviral activity and their bioactive compounds. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10060746"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panggabean, J.A., Adiguna, S.b.P., Rahmawati, S.I., Ahmadi, P., Zainuddin, E.N., Bayu, A., and Putra, M.Y. (2022). Antiviral activities of algal-based sulfated polysaccharides. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27041178"},{"key":"ref_158","first-page":"167","article-title":"Emerging and re-emerging viruses in the era of globalisation","volume":"7","author":"Zappa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood Transfus."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.1074\/JBC.X600004200","article-title":"Lectins: Carbohydrate-specific reagents and biological recognition molecules","volume":"282","author":"Sharon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.110944","article-title":"Purification, characterization, and cDNA cloning of a novel lectin from the green alga, Codium barbatum","volume":"76","author":"Praseptiangga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s10126-015-9677-1","article-title":"High-mannose specific lectin and its recombinants from a carrageenophyta Kappaphycus alvarezii represent a potent anti-HIV activity through high-affinity binding to the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120","volume":"18","author":"Hirayama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mar. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3454","DOI":"10.3390\/md13063454","article-title":"Entry inhibition of influenza viruses with high mannose binding lectin ESA-2 from the red alga Eucheuma serra through the recognition of viral hemagglutinin","volume":"13","author":"Sato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24845","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.128546","article-title":"Microvirin, a novel \u03b1 (1,2)-mannose-specific lectin isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa, has anti-HIV-1 activity comparable with that of cyanovirin-N but a much higher safety profile","volume":"285","author":"Huskens","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2004.04.019","article-title":"New carbohydrate specificity and HIV-1 fusion blocking activity of the cyanobacterial protein MVL: NMR, ITC and sedimentation equilibrium studies","volume":"339","author":"Bewley","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.7.1521","article-title":"Discovery of cyanovirin-N, a novel human immunodeficiency virus-inactivating protein that binds viral surface envelope glycoprotein gp120: Potential applications to microbicide development","volume":"41","author":"Boyd","year":"1997","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0205698","article-title":"A potent novel anti-HIV protein from the cultured cyanobacterium Scytonema varium","volume":"42","author":"Bokesch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(24)12470-4","article-title":"Analysis of the interaction between the HIV-inactivating protein cyanovirin-N and soluble forms of the envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp41","volume":"58","author":"Shenoy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2828","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2020.1838948","article-title":"The use of cyanobacterial metabolites as natural medical and biotechnological tools","volume":"40","author":"Saad","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu, J., Hirayama, M., Sato, Y., Morimoto, K., and Hori, K. (2017). A novel high-mannose specific lectin from the green alga Halimeda renschii exhibits a potent anti-influenza virus activity through high-affinity binding to the viral hemagglutinin. Mar. Drugs, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/md15080255"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.120","article-title":"Nostoc muscorum is a novel source of microalgal lectins with potent antiviral activity against herpes simplex type-1","volume":"210","author":"Saad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3560","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2020.1848632","article-title":"In vitro assessment of dual (antiviral and antitumor) activity of a novel lectin produced by the newly cyanobacterium isolate, Oscillatoria acuminate MHM-632 MK014210. 1","volume":"40","author":"Saad","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.046","article-title":"Biochemical characterization and application of a novel lectin from the cyanobacterium Lyngabya confervoides MK012409 as an antiviral and anticancer agent","volume":"161","author":"Saad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-011-9692-1","article-title":"Antiviral compounds obtained from microalgae commonly used as carotenoid sources","volume":"24","author":"Santoyo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fritzsche, S., Blenk, P., Christian, J., Castiglione, K., and Becker, A.M. (2021). Inhibitory properties of crude microalgal extracts on the in vitro replication of cyprinid herpesvirus 3. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-02542-2"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5716","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.5716","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of microalgae and cyanobacteria extracts on influenza virus replication and neuraminidase activity","volume":"6","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldisserotto, C., Gentili, V., Rizzo, R., Di Donna, C., Ardondi, L., Maietti, A., and Pancaldi, S. (2022). Characterization of Neochloris oleoabundans under different cultivation modes and first results on bioactivity of its extracts against HCoV-229E virus. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12010026"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.10.082","article-title":"Antiviral activity of polysaccharide extract from Laminaria japonica against respiratory syncytial virus","volume":"84","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-9-307","article-title":"In vitro characterization of the antiviral activity of fucoidan from Cladosiphon okamuranus against Newcastle Disease Virus","volume":"9","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2011.12.006","article-title":"In vitro inhibition of influenza A virus infection by marine microalga-derived sulfated polysaccharide p-KG03","volume":"93","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Fakharany, E.M., Saleh, A.K., El-Maradny, Y.A., El-Sayed, M.H., Alali, I., Alsirhani, A.M., Alalawy, A.I., Alhawiti, A.S., Alatawi, I.S., and Mazi, W. (2024). Comprehensive insight into recent algal enzymes production and purification advances: Toward effective commercial applications: A review. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 283.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.137783"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozkurt, E.U., \u00d8rsted, E.C., Volke, D.C., and Nikel, P.I. (2024). Accelerating enzyme discovery and engineering with high-throughput screening. Nat. Prod. Rep.","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NP00031E"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reisenbauer, J.C., Sicinski, K.M., and Arnold, F.H. (2024). Catalyzing the future: Recent advances in chemical synthesis using enzymes. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol., 83.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2024.102536"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patil, P.D., Gargate, N., Dongarsane, K., Jagtap, H., Phirke, A.N., Tiwari, M.S., and Nadar, S.S. (2024). Revolutionizing biocatalysis: A review on innovative design and applications of enzyme-immobilized microfluidic devices. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 281.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.136193"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2024.09.020","article-title":"Harnessing Nature\u2019s Catalysts: Advances in Enzymatic Alkene Cleavage","volume":"395","author":"Schober","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mavrommatis, A., Tsiplakou, E., Zerva, A., Pantiora, P.D., Georgakis, N.D., Tsintzou, G.P., Madesis, P., and Labrou, N.E. (2023). Microalgae as a sustainable source of antioxidants in animal nutrition, health and livestock development. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12101882"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vingiani, G.M., De Luca, P., Ianora, A., Dobson, A.D.W., and Lauritano, C. (2019). Microalgal Enzymes with Biotechnological Applications. Mar. Drugs, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/md17080459"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2017.04.035","article-title":"Microalgae and cyanobacteria as enzyme biofactories","volume":"25","author":"Brasil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3325","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612828666220406125132","article-title":"Marine Cellulases and their Biotechnological Significance from Industrial Perspectives","volume":"28","author":"Navvabi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_189","first-page":"1007","article-title":"Pectinase: Substrate, Production and their Biotechnological Applications","volume":"2","author":"Oumer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_190","unstructured":"Castro, G.R., Nadda, A.K., Nguyen, T.A., Qi, X., and Yasin, G. (2022). Chapter 20\u2014Microbial exo-polygalacturonase\u2014A versatile enzyme with multiindustrial applications. Micro and Nano Technologies, Nanomaterials for Biocatalysis, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.afnr.2016.10.005","article-title":"Chapter Four\u2014Biotechnological Applications of Marine Enzymes From Algae, Bacteria, Fungi, and Sponges","volume":"Volume 80","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Advances in Food and Nutrition Research"},{"key":"ref_192","unstructured":"Jacob-Lopes, E., Maroneze, M.M., Queiroz, M.I., and Zepka, L.Q. (2020). Chapter 25\u2014Microalgae as enzymes biofactories. Handbook of Microalgae-Based Processes and Products, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_193","unstructured":"and Arora, R. (2020). Industrial potential of microbial enzymes. Microbial Diversity, Interventions and Scope, Springer."},{"key":"ref_194","first-page":"1","article-title":"Are algae the future source of enzymes?","volume":"1","author":"Mogharabi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Pept. Protein Sci."},{"key":"ref_195","first-page":"537","article-title":"Production of Industrially Important Cellulases and Pectinases using Lignocellulosic Biomass","volume":"7","author":"Sikandar","year":"2023","journal-title":"LGU J. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, C.-T., Kristiani, E., Leong, Y.K., and Chang, J.-S. (2024). Machine learning in microalgae biotechnology for sustainable biofuel production: Advancements, applications, and prospects. Bioresour. Technol., 413.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2024.131549"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.3390\/md13041925","article-title":"Marine extremophiles: A source of hydrolases for biotechnological applications","volume":"13","author":"Dalmaso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barzkar, N., Sukhikh, S., and Babich, O. (2024). Study of marine microorganism metabolites: New resources for bioactive natural products. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1285902"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.134","article-title":"A critical review on marine serine protease and its inhibitors: A new wave of drugs?","volume":"170","author":"Barzkar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149035","article-title":"A review on the enzymes and metabolites identified by mass spectrometry from bacteria and microalgae involved in the degradation of high molecular weight PAHs","volume":"797","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anwar, M., Lou, S., Chen, L., Li, H., and Hu, Z. (2019). Recent advancement and strategy on bio-hydrogen production from photosynthetic microalgae. Bioresour. Technol., 292.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.121972"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2012.07.003","article-title":"Linking microalgae and cyanobacteria culture conditions and key-enzymes for carbohydrate accumulation","volume":"30","author":"Ballesteros","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narang, P.K., Dey, J., Mahapatra, S.R., Roy, R., Kushwaha, G.S., Misra, N., Suar, M., and Raina, V. (2022). Genome-based identification and comparative analysis of enzymes for carotenoid biosynthesis in microalgae. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 38.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-021-03188-y"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves, P.L.M., Nieri, V., Moreli, F.d.C., Constantino, E., de Souza, J., Oshima-Franco, Y., and Grotto, D. (2024). Unveiling New Horizons: Advancing Technologies in Cosmeceuticals for Anti-Aging Solutions. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29204890"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, K., and Han, Y. (2024). Thermostable Bacterial Collagenolytic Proteases: A Review. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 34.","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2404.04051"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koroleva, V., Lavlinskaya, M., Holyavka, M., Penkov, N., Zuev, Y., and Artyukhov, V. (2024). Thermal Inactivation, Denaturation and Aggregation Processes of Papain Like Proteases. Chem. Biodivers., 21.","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202401038"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mousavi Ghahfarrokhi, S.S., Mahdigholi, F.S., and Amin, M. (2023). Collateral beauty in the damages: An overview of cosmetics and therapeutic applications of microbial proteases. Arch. Microbiol., 205.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-023-03713-7"},{"key":"ref_208","first-page":"14","article-title":"Application of protease technology in dermatology: Rationale for incorporation into skin care with initial observations on formulations designed for skin cleansing, maintenance of hydration, and restoration of the epidermal permeability barrier","volume":"6","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Aesthetic Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3300","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14673","article-title":"An overview of the use of proteolytic enzymes as exfoliating agents","volume":"21","author":"Trevisol","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12805","article-title":"In vitro effect on the proteolytic activity of papain with proteins of the skin as substrate","volume":"44","author":"Trevisol","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ataide, J.A., de Carvalho, N.M., Rebelo, M.d.A., Chaud, M.V., Grotto, D., Gerenutti, M., Rai, M., Mazzola, P.G., and Jozala, A.F. (2017). Bacterial nanocellulose loaded with bromelain: Assessment of antimicrobial, antioxidant and physical-chemical properties. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18271-4"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6102","article-title":"Natural actives for wound healing: A review","volume":"32","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ioannou, E., and Labrou, N.E. (2022). Development of enzyme-based cosmeceuticals: Studies on the proteolytic activity of Arthrospira platensis and its efficient incorporation in a hydrogel formulation. Cosmetics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics9050106"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2012-0249","article-title":"Management of oxidative stress by microalgae","volume":"91","author":"Cirulis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/23\/6\/222\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:38:02Z","timestamp":1760031482000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/23\/6\/222"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"references-count":214,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["md23060222"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md23060222","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-3397"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-3397","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]}}}