{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T02:46:36Z","timestamp":1791859596818,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Qu\u00edmica de Metabolitos Bioactivos"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Toxicolog\u00eda of the Universidad de Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso, Chile"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Mol\u00e9culas Bioactivas of the Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n, Desarrollo e Innovaci\u00f3n de Productos Bioactivos"},{"name":"Universidad de Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso, Chile"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The ulvans are sulfated heteropolysaccharides that can stimulate the immune response in vitro. Using a human cell model, this study aimed to characterize and evaluate the immunostimulatory properties of crude ulvans extracted from Ulva spp., collected in Algarrobo, Chile. The crude ulvans, characterized by spectrophotometric methods, are composed of 47.6% total sugars, 14.3% uronic acids, and 8.9% sulfates, with an average molecular weight of 40.000 kDa. The FTIR spectrum showed bands related to uronic acids, rhamnose, and sulfate groups. GCMS analysis confirmed the presence of rhamnose, xylose, glucose, and galactose, with a predominance of the disaccharides U3s and B3s. HL60 cells differentiated into macrophages were cultured with three concentrations of crude ulvans (25, 50, and 100 \u03bcg\/mL), with cell viability remaining above 90% at the lower concentrations. The crude ulvan activated CD86 co-stimulatory molecules and promoted the release of IL-6, IL-10, IL-4, and nitric oxide cytokines. The results suggest that ulvan is non-toxic and can activate inflammatory pathways, making it a potential candidate for studies as a vaccine adjuvant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md23060248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T03:44:58Z","timestamp":1749613498000},"page":"248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Evaluation of the Immunostimulatory Effect of Ulvan Polysaccharide on Human Macrophages: Use as a Potential Vaccine Adjuvant"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Valeska","family":"Guevara-Torrej\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Qu\u00edmica de Metabolitos Bioactivos, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso 2340000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Chand\u00eda Parra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Mol\u00e9culas Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Campos-Estrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Toxicolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso 2340000, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n, Desarrollo e Innovaci\u00f3n de Productos Bioactivos, Universidad de Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso 2340000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9965-9563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waleska E.","family":"Vera Quezada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Qu\u00edmica de Metabolitos Bioactivos, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso 2340000, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n, Desarrollo e Innovaci\u00f3n de Productos Bioactivos, Universidad de Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso 2340000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, S., Famta, P., Shahrukh, S., Jain, N., Vambhurkar, G., Srinivasarao, D.A., Raghuvanshi, R.S., Singh, S.B., and Srivastava, S. 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