{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T02:12:43Z","timestamp":1783735963763,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical and Health Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province","award":["2025KY766"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025KY766"]}]},{"name":"Medical and Health Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province","award":["2025KY767"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025KY767"]}]},{"name":"Medical and Health Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province","award":["2023KY635"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023KY635"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the occurrence, sources, and health risks of 21 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in commercially available shellfish and crustaceans from Zhejiang Province, China. Among the 306 samples analyzed, 87.9% contained at least one detectable PFAS. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the most frequently detected PFAS (64.7%), followed by perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (53.8%), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) (52.9%), and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) (50.0%). The total PFAS in shellfish and crustaceans ranged from ND to 0.86 to 173 ng\/g wet weight, with a median of 4.11 ng\/g ww; the median concentration of total PFAS followed this order: marine crustaceans &gt; fresh-water crustaceans &gt; bivalves. Estimation of the human intake of adult consumers, the estimated daily intake (EDI) of \u03a321 PFAS ranged from 0.01 to 15.7 ng\/kg bw\/day; 0.31% of the adult study population had \u03a34PFAS exposure levels resulting in Hazard Quotient (HQ) values &gt; 1, which may represent a potential public health concern for these individuals. Long-term exposure risks for specific PFCAs such as perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUdA) and perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA) merit concern.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md23090359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T16:27:33Z","timestamp":1757953653000},"page":"359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Contamination Characteristics of 21 PFAS in Shellfish and Crustaceans of Zhejiang Province and Exposure Risk Assessment for Adult Dietary Consumers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6639-6296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hexiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronghua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1356-7132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5700-1253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bing","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojuan","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7819-6355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lili","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jikai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yibin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhewei","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Gongshu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Hangzhou Gongshu District Health Supervision Institution), Hangzhou 310022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2024). Toxic Substances Control Act Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements for Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalky, Update 24 April 2024."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.01.019","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Riverine and Coastal Water of the Beibu Gulf, South China: Spatiotemporal Distribution and Source Identification","volume":"660","author":"Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126361","article-title":"Per and Poly-Fluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) as a Contaminant of Emerging Concern in Surface Water: A Transboundary Review of Their Occurrences and Toxicity Effects","volume":"419","author":"Podder","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106204","article-title":"Hexafluoropropylene Oxide-Dimer Acid (HFPO-DA or GenX) Alters Maternal and Fetal Glucose and Lipid Metabolism and Produces Neonatal Mortality, Low Birthweight, and Hepatomegaly in the Sprague-Dawley Rat","volume":"146","author":"Conley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10163","DOI":"10.1021\/es401525n","article-title":"First Report of a Chinese PFOS Alternative Overlooked for 30 Years: Its Toxicity, Persistence, and Presence in the Environment","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfx183","article-title":"From the Cover: L-Carnitine via PPAR\u03b3- and Sirt1-Dependent Mechanisms Attenuates Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Renal Fibrosis Caused by Perfluorooctanesulfonate","volume":"160","author":"Chou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2011.03.005","article-title":"Impact of Perfluorooctanesulfonate and Perfluorooctanoic Acid on Human Peripheral Leukocytes","volume":"25","author":"Brieger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3465","article-title":"Environmental Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Exposure Drives T Cell Activation in Bottlenose Dolphins","volume":"37","author":"Soloff","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Britton, K.N., Judson, R.S., Hill, B.N., Jarema, K.A., Olin, J.K., Knapp, B.R., Lowery, M., Feshuk, M., Brown, J., and Padilla, S. (2024). Using Zebrafish to Screen Developmental Toxicity of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS). Toxics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12070501"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.132892","article-title":"Immunotoxicity Mechanisms of Perfluorinated Compounds PFOA and PFOS","volume":"291","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Gerwen, M., Colicino, E., Guan, H., Dolios, G., Nadkarni, G.N., Vermeulen, R.C.H., Wolff, M.S., Arora, M., Genden, E.M., and Petrick, L.M. (2023). Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Exposure and Thyroid Cancer Risk. eBioMedicine, 97.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104831"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meneguzzi, A., Fava, C., Castelli, M., and Minuz, P. (2021). Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Chemicals and Cardiovascular Disease: Experimental and Epidemiological Evidence. Front. Endocrinol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.706352"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2785","article-title":"Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Induces Apoptosis in Lung Cancer A549 Cells through Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Mitochondrion-Dependent Pathway","volume":"33","author":"Mao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2024.116433","article-title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Bivalve Molluscs from Shandong Province, China: Occurrence, Distribution, and Implications for Human Consumption","volume":"203","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2024.105726","article-title":"Commentary: Understanding IARC\u2019s PFOA and PFOS Carcinogenicity Assessments","volume":"154","author":"Drury","year":"2024","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107506","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) in Water along the Entire Coastal Line of China: Spatial Distribution, Mass Loadings, and Worldwide Comparisons","volume":"169","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106735","article-title":"Legacy and Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in the Bohai Sea and Its Inflow Rivers","volume":"156","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-017-0458-x","article-title":"The Extent of the Impact of a Fluorochemical Industrial Park in Eastern China on Adjacent Rural Areas","volume":"74","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1021\/es0512475","article-title":"Sources, Fate and Transport of Perfluorocarboxylates","volume":"40","author":"Prevedouros","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106963","article-title":"Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Waste Recycling Workers: Distributions in Paired Human Serum and Urine","volume":"158","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.167945","article-title":"Dietary Exposure to per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: Potential Health Impacts on Human Liver","volume":"907","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3203","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0634045","article-title":"Dietary Exposure of Canadians to Perfluorinated Carboxylates and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate via Consumption of Meat, Fish, Fast Foods, and Food Items Prepared in Their Packaging","volume":"55","author":"Tittlemier","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.05.016","article-title":"Diet and Particularly Seafood Are Major Sources of Perfluorinated Compounds in Humans","volume":"36","author":"Haug","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107656","article-title":"Total Oxidizable Precursors Assay for PFAS in Human Serum","volume":"170","author":"Cioni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107065","article-title":"Quantitation of Linear and Branched Perfluoroalkane Sulfonic Acids (PFSAs) in Women and Infants during Pregnancy and Lactation","volume":"160","author":"Varsi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2025, March 11). PFAS in Food: EFSA Assesses Risks and Sets Tolerable Intake|EFSA, Available online: https:\/\/www.efsa.europa.eu\/en\/news\/pfas-food-efsa-assesses-risks-and-sets-tolerable-intake."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (EFSA CONTAM Panel), Schrenk, D., Bignami, M., Bodin, L., Chipman, J.K., del Mazo, J., Grasl-Kraupp, B., Hogstrand, C., Hoogenboom, L., and Leblanc, J. (2020). Risk to Human Health Related to the Presence of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Food. EFSA J., 18, 6223.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2020.6223"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2025, September 11). Das Eidgen\u00f6ssische Departement des Innern (EDI) Verordnung des EDI \u00fcber die H\u00f6chstgehalte f\u00fcr Kontaminanten. Available online: https:\/\/www.fedlex.admin.ch\/eli\/oc\/2023\/847\/de."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2023). Commission Regulation (EU) 2023\/915 of 25 April 2023 on Maximum Levels for Certain Contaminants in Food and Repealing Regulation No 1881\/2006. Off. J. Eur. Union., 119, 103\u2013157. Available online: http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2023\/915\/oj."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.170127","article-title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Chinese Surface Water: Temporal Trends and Geographical Distribution","volume":"915","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.08.045","article-title":"Occurrence and Trends in Concentrations of Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Surface Waters of Eastern China","volume":"119","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119620","article-title":"Occurrence, Distribution, and Input Pathways of per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Soils near Different Sources in Shanghai","volume":"308","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7439(02)00108-9","article-title":"Multivariate Receptor Modeling by N-Dimensional Edge Detection","volume":"65","author":"Henry","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.2007.10465319","article-title":"Receptor Modeling of Ambient Particulate Matter Data Using Positive Matrix Factorization: Review of Existing Methods","volume":"57","author":"Reff","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(85)90132-5","article-title":"A Quantitative Assessment of Source Contributions to Inhalable Particulate Matter Pollution in Metropolitan Boston","volume":"19","author":"Thurston","year":"1985","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ. (1967)"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfluchem.2005.12.026","article-title":"Synthesis of Technically Useful Perfluorocarboxylic Acids","volume":"127","author":"Meissner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Fluor. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3423","DOI":"10.1021\/jo00297a090","article-title":"Preparation of .Alpha.-Fluorocarboxylic Acids and Derivatives","volume":"55","author":"Purrington","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.128897","article-title":"Congener- and Isomer-Specific Perfluorinated Compounds in Textile Wastewater from Southeast China","volume":"320","author":"Gu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6358","DOI":"10.1021\/es4011509","article-title":"Heterogeneous Photooxidation of Fluorotelomer Alcohols: A New Source of Aerosol-Phase Perfluorinated Carboxylic Acids","volume":"47","author":"Styler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135832","article-title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and the Contribution of Unknown Precursors and Short-Chain (C2\u2013C3) Perfluoroalkyl Carboxylic Acids at Solid Waste Disposal Facilities","volume":"705","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.258","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in the Environment: Terminology, Classification, and Origins","volume":"7","author":"Buck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Zhang, H., He, X., Liu, J., Yao, Z., Zhao, H., Yu, D., Liu, B., Liu, T., and Zhao, W. (2023). Contamination of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water Source from a Typical Agricultural Area in North China. Front. Environ. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2022.1071134"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2010.07.019","article-title":"Distribution and Sources of Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in the River Rhine Watershed","volume":"158","author":"Ahrens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9626","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-4090-x","article-title":"Transport of Short-Chain Perfluoroalkyl Acids from Concentrated Fluoropolymer Facilities to the Daling River Estuary, China","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"China Association of Fluorine and Silicone Industry (CAFSI) (2019). CAFSI White Paper on the Development of Chinese Fluorochemical Industry, CAFSI."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2011.09.024","article-title":"Analysis of Perfluoroalkyl Carboxylates in Vacuum Cleaner Dust Samples in Japan","volume":"85","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.139407","article-title":"Evidence of Large-Scale Deposition of Airborne Emissions of per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) near a Fluoropolymer Production Plant in an Urban Area","volume":"337","author":"Dauchy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146A","DOI":"10.1021\/es022253t","article-title":"Peer Reviewed: Perfluorochemical Surfactants in the Environment","volume":"36","author":"Giesy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2012.11.004","article-title":"Industrial Source Identification and Emission Estimation of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in China","volume":"52","author":"Xie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.171883","article-title":"A Review of the Occurrence and Microbial Transformation of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF)-Impacted Environments","volume":"927","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142146","article-title":"Bioaccumulation of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in a Tropical Estuarine Food Web","volume":"754","author":"Miranda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162492","article-title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Marine Organisms along the Coast of China","volume":"876","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.04.205","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in the Marine Environment: Spatial Distribution and Temporal Profile Shifts in Shellfish from French Coasts","volume":"228","author":"Catherine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8450","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b02399","article-title":"Evidence for the Trophic Transfer of Perfluoroalkylated Substances in a Temperate Macrotidal Estuary","volume":"51","author":"Munoz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4935","article-title":"PFAS Exposure Pathways for Humans and Wildlife: A Synthesis of Current Knowledge and Key Gaps in Understanding","volume":"40","author":"Armitage","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.11.113","article-title":"Distribution, Partitioning Behavior and Positive Matrix Factorization-Based Source Analysis of Legacy and Emerging Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances in the Dissolved Phase, Surface Sediment and Suspended Particulate Matter around Coastal Areas of Bohai Bay, China","volume":"246","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117187","article-title":"A Review of the Occurrence, Transformation, and Removal of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Wastewater Treatment Plants","volume":"199","author":"Lenka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13545","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c04673","article-title":"Analysis of Per- and Poly(Fluoroalkyl) Substances (PFASs) in Highly Consumed Seafood Products from U.S. Markets","volume":"70","author":"Young","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1021\/es070895g","article-title":"Are PFCAs Bioaccumulative? A Critical Review and Comparison with Regulatory Criteria and Persistent Lipophilic Compounds","volume":"42","author":"Conder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5506","DOI":"10.1021\/es200432n","article-title":"Trophic Magnification of Poly- and Perfluorinated Compounds in a Subtropical Food Web","volume":"45","author":"Loi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131353","article-title":"Trophic Behaviors of PFOA and Its Alternatives Perfluoroalkyl Ether Carboxylic Acids (PFECAs) in a Coastal Food Web","volume":"452","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.02.165","article-title":"Occurrence and Health Risk of Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) in Seafood from Yellow Sea, China","volume":"665","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2011.04.007","article-title":"Perfluorinated Compounds in Seafood from Coastal Areas in China","volume":"42","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.05.060","article-title":"Perfluorinated Carboxylic Acids Discharged from the Yodo River Basin, Japan","volume":"138","author":"Niisoe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.10.063","article-title":"Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers, Perfluorinated Alkylated Substances, and Metals in Tile Drainage and Groundwater Following Applications of Municipal Biosolids to Agricultural Fields","volume":"408","author":"Gottschall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2021.04.029","article-title":"Levels, Distributions, and Sources of Legacy and Novel per- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in the Topsoil of Tianjin, China","volume":"112","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165091","article-title":"PFAS Levels in Paired Drinking Water and Serum Samples Collected from an Exposed Community in Central North Carolina","volume":"895","author":"Hall","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4615","article-title":"Temporal Trends (1981\u20132013) of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Total Fluorine in Baltic Cod (Gadus Morhua)","volume":"39","author":"Schultes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.133501","article-title":"Profiles and Transplacental Transfer of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Maternal and Umbilical Cord Blood: A Birth Cohort Study in Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province, China","volume":"466","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105355","article-title":"Prenatal Exposure to 11 Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Fetal Growth: A Large-Scale, Prospective Birth Cohort Study","volume":"136","author":"Kashino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.1021\/es9018095","article-title":"Selecting an Appropriate Multivariate Source Apportionment Model Result","volume":"44","author":"Henry","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-7-781-2014","article-title":"Methods for Estimating Uncertainty in Factor Analytic Solutions","volume":"7","author":"Paatero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Protection Agency (2024). Regional Screening Levels (RSLs)\u2014User\u2019s Guide."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency Toxicity Assessment for PFBS (2025, September 11). US Environmental Protection Agency, Available online: https:\/\/ordspub.epa.gov\/ords\/eims\/eimscomm.getfile?p_download_id=542402."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"The Department of Health, Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) and the National (2025, June 16). Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Health-Based Guidance Values for PFAS for Use in Site Investigations in Australia, Available online: https:\/\/www.health.gov.au\/resources\/publications\/health-based-guidance-values-for-pfas-for-use-in-site-investigations-in-australia?language=en."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, M.J. (2017). Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance (PERMANOVA). Wiley StatsRef: Stat. Ref. Online, 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118445112.stat07841"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1080\/00102202.2011.630332","article-title":"Flammability and the Heat of Combustion of Natural Fuels: A Review","volume":"184","author":"Rivera","year":"2012","journal-title":"Combust. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2005.12.030","article-title":"Assessing the Effects of Marine Protected Area (MPA) on a Reef Fish Assemblage in a Northwestern Mediterranean Marine Reserve: Identifying Community-Based Indicators","volume":"130","author":"Claudet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."}],"container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/23\/9\/359\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:46:02Z","timestamp":1760035562000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/23\/9\/359"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["md23090359"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md23090359","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-3397"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-3397","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]}}}