{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T16:48:47Z","timestamp":1768668527306,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Major International Joint Research Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82320108019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82320108019"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi","award":["2024GXNSFDA999003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024GXNSFDA999003"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["42376112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42376112"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82360698"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82360698"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"\u201cDai Tu Yi Zhi\u201d Project of Key R & D Program of Guangxi","award":["GUIKE AA25069003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GUIKE AA25069003"]}]},{"name":"Major Intergovernmental Joint Research Project of National Key R & D Program of China","award":["2022YFE0132700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFE0132700"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nicotine is the main substance responsible for the development of tobacco addiction. The \u03b13\u03b24 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are a potential key target for mitigating nicotine reward. Preliminary studies in our laboratory suggest that \u03b1-conotoxin [S9K]TxID serves as a selective and potent antagonist targeting \u03b13\u03b24 nAChRs, which may be beneficial in addressing nicotine addiction. However, the mechanisms of [S9K]TxID treatment in nicotine addiction are still to be determined. This study aimed to identify the differential metabolic profiles of [S9K]TxID treatment in nicotine addiction using an untargeted metabolomic profiling method. As demonstrated by behavioral experiments, [S9K]TxID effectively attenuated nicotine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) expression without exerting inhibitory effects on the central nervous system (CNS). The results of untargeted metabolomics revealed that eight metabolites were significantly altered after [S9K]TxID treatment, particularly phenylalanine. [S9K]TxID also attenuated nicotine-induced metabolic disorders by regulating phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis. In conclusion, our findings suggest that [S9K]TxID could be a potential therapeutic compound for nicotine addiction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md24010043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T08:26:36Z","timestamp":1768465596000},"page":"43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hippocampal Metabolomics Reveal the Mechanism of \u03b1-Conotoxin [S9K]TxID Attenuating Nicotine Addiction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Meiting","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weifeng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huanbai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rongyan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaodan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4936-8637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinpeng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Michael","family":"McIntosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Biology and Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"},{"name":"George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongting","family":"Zhangsun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9358-5970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sulan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.26719\/2021.27.1.76","article-title":"Estimated and projected prevalence of tobacco smoking in males, Eastern Mediterranean Region, 2000\u20132025","volume":"27","author":"Fouad","year":"2021","journal-title":"East. 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