{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T09:47:19Z","timestamp":1770716839514,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Foundation for Korea","award":["RS-2025-00523024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-00523024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This scoping review mapped the available evidence on marine algae-derived bioactive compounds, focusing on their biological activities related to collagen stabilization, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibition, and enamel remineralization in dental hard tissues. Four electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science) were systematically searched following a predefined protocol. Original experimental studies involving human or animal dental hard tissues were included. Nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Brown algal derivatives, including fucoxanthin, fucosterol, and phloroglucinol, exhibited significant MMP inhibition and, in selected compounds, collagen cross-linking, contributing to enhanced mechanical properties and improved stability of collagen-rich matrices. In contrast, red algae extracts such as Lithothamnion calcareum primarily promoted enamel remineralization, achieving surface microhardness recovery comparable to or superior to 0.05% sodium fluoride. Alginate, a brown algae-derived polysaccharide, also demonstrated functional potential as a scaffold biomaterial through strong hydroxyapatite adsorption and suitability for three-dimensional scaffold fabrication. Overall, marine algae-derived compounds demonstrate biologically relevant activities that modulate collagen stability, enzymatic function, and mineral deposition processes. These findings highlight the pharmacological potential of marine bioactive compounds, with dental hard tissues representing a primary application context. However, further validation using clinically relevant models is required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md24020071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T14:05:15Z","timestamp":1770645915000},"page":"71","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Marine Algae-Derived Bioactive Compounds Stabilizing Collagen-Rich Dental Matrices Through Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibition: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6518-0391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Won Sek","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sung-Ae","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3889-2545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong-Il","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17030","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.30","article-title":"Dental caries","volume":"3","author":"Pitts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-010-9969-6","article-title":"Adhesive\/Dentin Interface: The Weak Link in the Composite Restoration","volume":"38","author":"Spencer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lussi, A., and Carvalho, T.S. (2014). Erosive Tooth Wear: A Multifactorial Condition of Growing Concern and Increasing Knowledge. Erosive Tooth Wear: From Diagnosis to Therapy (Monographs in Oral Science), S. Karger AG.","DOI":"10.1159\/isbn.978-3-318-02553-8"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2430","DOI":"10.1080\/01694243.2019.1642978","article-title":"Incorporation of EGCG into an etch-and-rinse adhesive system: Mechanical properties and bond strength to caries affected dentin","volume":"33","author":"Czech","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2010.10.016","article-title":"State of the art etch-and-rinse adhesives","volume":"27","author":"Pashley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2012.08.004","article-title":"Optimizing dentin bond durability: Control of collagen degradation by matrix metalloproteinases and cysteine cathepsins","volume":"29","author":"Tjaderhane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2013.162","article-title":"Contemporary perspective on the use of fluoride products in caries prevention","volume":"214","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910708600608","article-title":"In vivo preservation of the hybrid layer by chlorhexidine","volume":"86","author":"Carrilho","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2010.00754.x","article-title":"Chlorhexidine increases the longevity of in vivo resin-dentin bonds","volume":"118","author":"Ricci","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"300","article-title":"Efficiency and cytotoxicity of resin-based desensitizing agents","volume":"15","author":"Camps","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2010.01.003","article-title":"Development and biological activities of marine-derived bioactive peptides: A review","volume":"2","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.05.061","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of edible brown alga Eisenia bicyclis and its constituents fucosterol and phlorotannins in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages","volume":"59","author":"Jung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ha, Y.J., Choi, Y.S., Oh, Y.R., Kang, E.H., Khang, G., Park, Y.B., and Lee, Y.J. (2021). Fucoxanthin Suppresses Osteoclastogenesis via Modulation of MAP Kinase and Nrf2 Signaling. Mar. Drugs, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/md19030132"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2013.10.012","article-title":"Dentin biomodification: Strategies, renewable resources and clinical applications","volume":"30","author":"Pauli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2025.104121","article-title":"Effect of fucoxanthin on bond strengths of resin-dentin hybrid layer through matrix metalloproteinase inhibition","volume":"142","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13253","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S490667","article-title":"Fucosterol and Fucoxanthin Enhance Dentin Collagen Stability and Erosion Resistance Through Crosslinking and MMP Inhibition","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"21334","article-title":"Long-term hybrid stability and matrix metalloproteinase inhibition by fucosterol in resin-dentin bonding biomechanics","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2024.106498","article-title":"Use of marine occurrent extracts to enhance the stability of dentin extracellular matrix","volume":"154","author":"Yoo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10015-2277","article-title":"Evaluation of Quantum in Human Tooth Remineralization and Microhardness Potential with Two Types of Red Algae: An In Vitro Comparative Study","volume":"14","author":"Chakravarthy","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carrilho, R.M., and Bretz, W. (2023). Red Marine Algae Lithothamnion calcareum Supports Dental Enamel Mineralization. Mar. Drugs, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/md21020109"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1159\/000493388","article-title":"Anti-Erosive Effect of Solutions Containing Sodium Fluoride, Stannous Chloride, and Selected Film-Forming Polymers","volume":"53","author":"Bezerra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.11.028","article-title":"Polysaccharide-coated liposomal formulations for dental targeting","volume":"516","author":"Pistone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panseri, S., Montesi, M., Dozio, S.M., Savini, E., Tampieri, A., and Sandri, M. (2016). Biomimetic Scaffold with Aligned Microporosity Designed for Dentin Regeneration. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2016.00048"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2015.05.004","article-title":"Transdentinal cytotoxicity of glutaraldehyde on odontoblast-like cells","volume":"43","author":"Scheffel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12684","article-title":"Fucosterol, isolated from Ecklonia stolonifera, inhibits adipogenesis through modulation of FoxO1 pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes","volume":"69","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2010.09.032","article-title":"Fucoxanthin inhibits the inflammatory response by suppressing the activation of NF-\u03baB and MAPKs in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages","volume":"649","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meresse, S., Fodil, M., Fleury, F., and Chenais, B. (2020). Fucoxanthin, a Marine-Derived Carotenoid from Brown Seaweeds and Microalgae: A Promising Bioactive Compound for Cancer Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21239273"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giant.2024.100298","article-title":"Marine biomaterials for sustainable bone regeneration","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Giant"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2010.04.002","article-title":"Substantivity of chlorhexidine to human dentin","volume":"26","author":"Carrilho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02028510","article-title":"Phlorotannin-protein interactions","volume":"22","author":"Stern","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572011000300007","article-title":"Apoptosis and survivability of human dental pulp cells under exposure to Bis-GMA","volume":"19","author":"Yano","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2009.01.010","article-title":"Mg-lattice associations in red coralline algae","volume":"73","author":"Kamenos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2013.11.051","article-title":"Magnesium incorporated hydroxyapatite: Synthesis and structural properties characterization","volume":"40","author":"Farzadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2024.11.096","article-title":"Magnesium ion substitution in various calcium phosphates: A way towards bone regeneration","volume":"51","author":"Kolmas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.03.032","article-title":"Magnesium substitution in the structure of orthopedic nanoparticles: A comparison between amorphous magnesium phosphates, calcium magnesium phosphates, and hydroxyapatites","volume":"52","author":"Nabiyouni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chi, J., Wang, M., Chen, J., Hu, L., Chen, Z., Backman, L.J., and Zhang, W. (2022). Topographic Orientation of Scaffolds for Tissue Regeneration: Recent Advances in Biomaterial Design and Applications. Biomimetics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics7030131"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906504107","article-title":"Nanoscale cues regulate the structure and function of macroscopic cardiac tissue constructs","volume":"107","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2023.121292","article-title":"Highly anisotropic and elastic cellulosic scaffold guiding cell orientation and osteogenic differentiation via topological and mechanical cues","volume":"321","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2011.06.003","article-title":"Alginate: Properties and biomedical applications","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.7b01331","article-title":"Oxidized Alginate-Based Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering Applications: A Review","volume":"19","author":"Reakasame","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(98)00107-0","article-title":"Alginate hydrogels as synthetic extracellular matrix materials","volume":"20","author":"Rowley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2025.103607","article-title":"Engineering next-generation smart delivery materials for dentistry","volume":"344","author":"Ghosh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S492353","article-title":"The Role and Advancement of Liposomes for Oral Diseases Therapy","volume":"20","author":"Rahma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aromataris, E., and Munn, Z. (2020). Chapter 11: Scoping Reviews. JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis, JBI.","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIRM-20-02"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.14743","article-title":"Undertaking a scoping review: A practical guide for nursing and midwifery students, clinicians, researchers, and academics","volume":"77","author":"Pollock","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2020.01.008","article-title":"A full systematic review was completed in 2 weeks using automation tools: A case study","volume":"121","author":"Clark","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."}],"container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/24\/2\/71\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T14:08:02Z","timestamp":1770646082000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/24\/2\/71"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["md24020071"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md24020071","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-3397"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-3397","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]]}}}