{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T17:31:51Z","timestamp":1788283911464,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Taiwan\u2019s National Science and Technology Council","award":["NSTC-113-2321-B-019-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC-113-2321-B-019-001"]}]},{"name":"National Taiwan Ocean University internal research subsidy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The marine unicellular red alga Rhodosorus marinus is a promising source of the valuable phycobiliprotein phycoerythrin and essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), yet the environmental triggers for their optimal co-production remain to be fully elucidated. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of thermal and photic stress in terms of maximizing the yield of these high-value bioactive compounds. R. marinus was cultivated under a range of temperatures (18\u201324 \u00b0C) and light intensities (100\u2013335 \u00b5mol photons m\u22122 s\u22121) to assess its physiological and biochemical responses, particularly focusing on lipid accumulation. This study investigates the effects of thermal (18\u201324 \u00b0C) and photic (100\u2013335 \u00b5mol photons m\u22122 s\u22121) stress on the concurrent production of the valuable phycobiliprotein, phycoerythrin (PE), and essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the marine red microalga Rhodosorus marinus. Fatty acid profiles were quantified using gas chromatography (GC), while pigment content was assessed via spectrophotometry. Statistical analyses, including one-way ANOVA and Tukey\u2019s post hoc test, were employed to determine the significance of environmental effects. Our results demonstrate that a mild hypothermic condition of 18 \u00b0C significantly enhanced the production of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) compared to higher temperatures. Conversely, cell density was maximized at 22 \u00b0C. Under the 18 \u00b0C thermal regime, lower light intensities (100\u2013185 \u00b5mol photons m\u22122 s\u22121) promoted a superior synthesis of both bioactive lipids and pigments. In conclusion, the strategic application of mild hypothermia combined with moderate light intensity is an effective approach to substantially boost the metabolic yield of high-value compounds in R. marinus, highlighting its potential as a sustainable source for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md24020078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T12:06:59Z","timestamp":1770984419000},"page":"78","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Enhanced Production of Bioactive Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Pigments in Rhodosorus marinus: Optimization of Thermal and Photic Stress Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Wen-Ping","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5344-4922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han-Yang","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung City 912301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yen-Ling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan"},{"name":"Aquaculture Division, Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Keelung City 202008, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1884-980X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Jung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fat-Tin Agassi","family":"Sze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan"},{"name":"Algaetech Key Laboratory, Algaetech (Hong Kong) Co., Ltd., Kowloon, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-Cheng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4133-7171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fan-Hua","family":"Nan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5956-6357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming-Chih","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 202301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9646-1068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng-Chou","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 202301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1021\/np040031y","article-title":"Marine natural products and related compounds in clinical and advanced preclinical trials","volume":"67","author":"Newman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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