{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T06:11:17Z","timestamp":1772777477226,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Environmental control of Dinophysis bloom development and their contribution to lipophilic toxin events in the Chilean Patagonia","award":["1231220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1231220"]}]},{"name":"COPAS COASTAL","award":["ANID FB210021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANID FB210021"]}]},{"name":"CIEP","award":["R20F002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R20F002"]}]},{"name":"FONDECYT","award":["1251038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1251038"]}]},{"name":"FONDECYT","award":["1240184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1240184"]}]},{"name":"ANID-FONDECYT","award":["3240407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3240407"]}]},{"name":"Galician Networks of Excellence","award":["GAIN Grant [GPC-VGOHAB IN607B 2023\/11]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GAIN Grant [GPC-VGOHAB IN607B 2023\/11]"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry MICIU","award":["PTA2021-020052-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTA2021-020052-I"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dinophysis acuminata, the main agent of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) worldwide, shows a high variability in morphology and toxin content between strains from contrasting habitats. Most frequent uncertainties in morphological discrimination are within the \u201cD. acuminata complex\u201d, but confusion with other species (e.g., D. norvegica, D. fortii) also occurs. Here we describe a unique PTX2-containing population of Dinophysis cf acuminata observed during opportunistic samplings in San Rafael Lagoon (Chilean Patagonia), the only tidewater glacier lagoon remaining in the glacier with the world\u2019s lowest latitude. Dinophysis acuminata was the only Dinophysis species observed during three seasonal surveys in the well-mixed cold (4\u20137\u00b0 C) and brackish (salinity 14\u201315) waters of the lagoon. Cell densities ranged from 500 cells L\u22121 (winter) to 2800 cells L\u22121 (summer). Partial sequences of their ITS rDNA aligned them with D. acuminata strains from Europe and North America, and sequences of their stolen plastids 23S rDNA confirmed ciliates of the Mesodinium rubrum + major complex as their prey and plastid source. All these reasons make this lagoon a highly sensitive area and natural laboratory for climate change-related topics and Dinophysis issues related to (i) the effect of long-term exposure of marine fauna to pectenotoxins and (ii) the adaptations of D. cf acuminata to persist in a unique ecosystem with austral water characteristics located in a warm temperate latitude light regime. Results here add knowledge to the biogeography and habitat ranges of D. acuminata and the problems faced to monitor and provide early warning of its distribution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md24030096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T14:19:21Z","timestamp":1772720361000},"page":"96","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characteristics of a Dinophysis cf acuminata Population from a Tidewater Glacier Lagoon in a Temperate Latitude: Applications to Dinophysis Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9403-8151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricio A.","family":"D\u00edaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile"},{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinario para la Investigaci\u00f3n Acu\u00edcola (INCAR), Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 3349001, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1696-0578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Garc\u00eda-Portela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Oceanogr\u00e1fico de Vigo (IEO-CSIC), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5812-1559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gonzalo","family":"\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile"},{"name":"Center for Ecology and Sustainable Management of Oceanic Islands (ESMOI), Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6918-4771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Oceanogr\u00e1fico de Vigo (IEO-CSIC), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5804-9761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"P\u00e9rez-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Oceanogr\u00e1fica COPAS Coastal, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 3349001, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4603-4970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Varela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6142-7823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Araya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camila","family":"Schwerter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2624-7357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngela M.","family":"Baldrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4591-8737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Cantarero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Doctorado en Biolog\u00eda y Ecolog\u00eda Aplicada, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4582-9798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Reguera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Oceanogr\u00e1fico de Vigo (IEO-CSIC), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"Paralytic and diarrhoeic shellfish poisons: Occurrence in Europe, toxicity, analysis and regulation","volume":"2","author":"Aune","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. 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