{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T16:34:41Z","timestamp":1772728481389,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["RS-2023-KH141100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-KH141100"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Porphyra-334 (PPR-334) is one of the species of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), known as biological UV protection ingredients. In this study, we developed a large-scale purification process to extract PPR-334 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and confirmed the previously identified efficacy of PPR-334, while also demonstrating its efficacy under UV-independent conditions. PPR-334 scavenged reactivity oxygen species (ROS) and increased catalase (CAT) gene expression in human epidermal keratinocyte cells (HEKa). In both HEKa and normal human dermal fibroblast cells (NHDF), PPR-334 suppressed the gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1). NHDF treated with PPR-334 showed increased collagen expression and proliferation, while advanced glycation end-product (AGE) production was decreased. It was confirmed that the efficacy in vitro was also reproduced in human artificial skin tissue models. Above all, the antioxidant efficacy mechanism of PPR-334 through nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and Caspase-9 signals was identified. It was determined that the proliferation efficacy of PPR-334 was due to factors related to the cell cycle. These results demonstrate the anti-aging efficacy of PPR-334 independent of UV irradiation, while enhancing the UV-blocking and antioxidant effects. Thus, we suggest the potential of PPR-334 as a sunscreen agent as well as a dual- or multifunctional material.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md24030098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T15:29:53Z","timestamp":1772724593000},"page":"98","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antioxidant and Anti-Aging Effects of Porphyra-334 Produced from Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Human Skin Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Soeun","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Senior Healthcare Major in Biopharmaceuticals and Major in Cosmetic Science, Eulji University, Seongnam-si 13153, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3278-9539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saitbyul","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Beauty Science Research Division, AMOREPACIFIC Research & Innovation Center, Yongin-si 17074, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nok Hyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Beauty Science Research Division, AMOREPACIFIC Research & Innovation Center, Yongin-si 17074, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eun-Soo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Beauty Science Research Division, AMOREPACIFIC Research & Innovation Center, Yongin-si 17074, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kilsun","family":"Myoung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Beauty Science Research Division, AMOREPACIFIC Research & Innovation Center, Yongin-si 17074, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heung-Soo","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Beauty Science Research Division, AMOREPACIFIC Research & Innovation Center, Yongin-si 17074, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaewoo","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CutisBio Research & Development Center, Seoul 06025, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0944-6565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang-Jip","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3208-9794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaeyoung","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Beauty Science Research Division, AMOREPACIFIC Research & Innovation Center, Yongin-si 17074, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4814-5685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang Seok","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Senior Healthcare Major in Biopharmaceuticals and Major in Cosmetic Science, Eulji University, Seongnam-si 13153, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, S.I. (2017). Ultraviolet Radiation: Skin Defense-Damage Mechanism. Ultraviolet Light in Human Health, Diseases and Environment, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-56017-5"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"243","article-title":"UV light and skin aging","volume":"29","author":"Silveira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12222","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140612222","article-title":"UV radiation and the skin","volume":"14","author":"Jarrett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6647773","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6647773","article-title":"UVA exposure combined with glycation of the dermis are two catalysts for skin aging and promotes a favorable environment to the appearance of elastosis","volume":"2021","author":"Pageon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Aging Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00371923","article-title":"UVA irradiation induces collagenase in human dermal fibroblasts in vitro and in vivo","volume":"283","author":"Scharffetter","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64040-0","article-title":"Inhibition of type I procollagen synthesis by damaged collagen in photoaged skin and by collagenase-degraded collagen in vitro","volume":"158","author":"Varani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3020","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600318","article-title":"Collagenase unwinds triple-helical collagen prior to peptide bond hydrolysis","volume":"23","author":"Chung","year":"2004","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2125","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases and the regulation of tissue remodelling","volume":"8","author":"Ewald","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.22028","article-title":"Advanced glycation end products","volume":"4","author":"Gkogkolou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Derm.-Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C., Zhang, J., Li, L., Guo, M.M., He, Y.F., Dong, Y.M., Meng, H., and Yi, F. (2022). Advanced glycation end products in the skin: Molecular mechanisms, methods of measurement, and inhibitory pathways. Front. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.837222"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crisan, M., Taulescu, M., Crisan, D., Cosgarea, R., Parvu, A., C\u00e3toi, C., and Drugan, T. (2013). Expression of advanced glycation end-products on sun-exposed and non-exposed cutaneous sites during the ageing process in humans. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075003"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2005.04.001","article-title":"Ultraviolet radiation-induced apoptosis in keratinocytes: On the role of cytosolic factors","volume":"1755","author":"Assefa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5844","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1205743","article-title":"DNA damage, death receptor activation and reactive oxygen species contribute to ultraviolet radiation-induced apoptosis in an essential and independent way","volume":"21","author":"Kulms","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/11.3.298","article-title":"Aging: A theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry","volume":"11","author":"Harman","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2009.10.005","article-title":"Effects of macelignan isolated from Myristica fragrans Houtt. on UVB-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 and cyclooxygenase-2 in HaCaT cells","volume":"57","author":"Anggakusuma","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2311.11020","article-title":"1-Kestose blocks UVB-induced skin inflammation and promotes type I procollagen synthesis via regulating MAPK\/AP-1, NF-\u03baB and TGF-\u03b2\/Smad pathway","volume":"34","author":"Baek","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3427","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14033","article-title":"The impact of ultraviolet radiation on skin photoaging\u2014Review of in vitro studies","volume":"20","author":"Socha","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0531-5565(00)00098-X","article-title":"Photoaging of the skin from phenotype to mechanisms","volume":"35","author":"Brenneisen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1246\/cl.1979.419","article-title":"Isolation and structure of a 334 nm UV-absorbing substance, porphyra-334 from the red alga Porphyra tenera Kjellman","volume":"8","author":"Takano","year":"1979","journal-title":"Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox4030603","article-title":"Mycosporine-like amino acids and their derivatives as natural antioxidants","volume":"4","author":"Wada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s10126-002-0065-2","article-title":"UV-absorbing substance in the red alga Porphyra yezoensis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) block thymine photodimer production","volume":"5","author":"Misonou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mar. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1039\/b517330m","article-title":"Porphyra-334, a potential natural source for UVA protective sunscreens","volume":"5","author":"Torres","year":"2006","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2014.1815","article-title":"Protective effect of porphyra-334 on UVA-induced photoaging in human skin fibroblasts","volume":"34","author":"Ryu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5174","DOI":"10.3390\/md12105174","article-title":"Anti-Inflammation Activities of Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids (MAAs) in Response to UV Radiation Suggest Potential Anti-Skin Aging Activity","volume":"12","author":"Suh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-2906.2008.01636.x","article-title":"Antioxidative activities of a mycosporine-like amino acid, porphyra-334","volume":"74","author":"Tao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosic, N.N. (2019). Mycosporine-like amino acids: Making the foundation for organic personalised sunscreens. Mar. Drugs, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/md17110638"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zwerger, M., Schwaiger, S., and Ganzera, M. (2022). Efficient isolation of mycosporine-like amino acids from marine red algae by fast centrifugal partition chromatography. Mar. Drugs, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/md20020106"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vega, J., Schneider, G., Moreira, B.R., Herrera, C., Bonomi-Barufi, J., and Figueroa, F.L. (2021). Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids from Red Macroalgae: UV-Photoprotectors with Potential Cosmeceutical Applications. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11115112"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1093\/bbb\/zbae051","article-title":"Extraction and antioxidant capacity of mycosporine-like amino acids from red algae in Japan","volume":"88","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymben.2023.05.009","article-title":"Efficient production of natural sunscreens shinorine, porphyra-334, and mycosporine-2-glycine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"78","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metab. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"6637513","article-title":"Transcriptome profiling of human follicle dermal papilla cells in response to porphyra-334 treatment by RNA-Seq","volume":"2021","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2018.07.020","article-title":"The mycosporine-like amino acids porphyra-334 and shinorine are antioxidants and direct antagonists of Keap1-Nrf2 binding","volume":"154","author":"Gacesa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Legewie, S., Bl\u00fcthgen, N., and Herzel, H. (2006). Mathematical modeling identifies inhibitors of apoptosis as mediators of sensitivity to anticancer drugs. PLoS Comput. Biol., 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.0020120"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"2123","article-title":"A mechanism coupling cell division and the control of apoptosis","volume":"7","author":"Allan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4721","DOI":"10.3390\/md13084721","article-title":"Nrf2 and NF-\u03baB signaling pathways contribute to porphyra-334-mediated inhibition of UVA-induced inflammation in skin fibroblasts","volume":"13","author":"Ryu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7055","DOI":"10.3390\/md13127056","article-title":"Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids Promote Wound Healing through Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAP Kinases) Signaling Pathway in Keratinocytes","volume":"13","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3684","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60680-5","article-title":"Acceleration of somatic cell reprogramming into the induced pluripotent stem cell using a mycosporine-like amino acid, porphyra-334","volume":"10","author":"Yoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2021.112296","article-title":"Protective effects of mycosporine-like amino acid-containing emulsions on UV-treated mouse ear tissue from the viewpoints of antioxidation and antiglycation","volume":"223","author":"Kageyama","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobio. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"878","article-title":"Expression of MMP-1, TIMP-1, and type I collagen in laryngeal carcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Sawatsubashi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mod Pathol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikolov, A., Popovski, N., and Hristova, I. (2020). Collagenases MMP-1, MMP-13, and Tissue Inhibitors TIMP-1, TIMP-2: Their Role in Healthy and Complicated Pregnancy and Potential as Preeclampsia Biomarkers\u2014A Brief Review. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10217731"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.11.005","article-title":"Nrf2 signaling pathway: Pivotal roles in inflammation","volume":"1863","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saha, S., Buttari, B., Panieri, E., Profumo, E., and Saso, L. (2020). An Overview of Nrf2 Signaling Pathway and Its Role in Inflammation. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25225474"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28706","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M203668200","article-title":"Akt-dependent phosphorylation of p27Kip1 promotes binding to 14-3-3 and cytoplasmic localization","volume":"277","author":"Fujita","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1700-08.2009","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor-1 promotes G1\/S cell cycle progression through bidirectional regulation of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase\/Akt pathway in developing rat cerebral cortex","volume":"29","author":"Tury","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"6764","article-title":"epidermal growth factor receptor signaling down-regulates p27 through activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase\/Akt pathway in glioblastomas","volume":"62","author":"Narita","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"11652","article-title":"IGF-1R promotes the expression of cyclin D1 protein and accelerates the G1\/S transition by activating Ras\/Raf\/MEK\/ERK signaling pathway","volume":"10","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wee, P., and Wang, Z. (2017). Epidermal growth factor receptor cell proliferation signaling pathways. Cancers, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers9050052"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2016.02.004","article-title":"AP-1 transcription factor mediates VEGF-induced endothelial cell migration and proliferation","volume":"105","author":"Jia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4459","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-0614","article-title":"Antisense to cyclin D1 inhibits VEGF-stimulated growth of vascular endothelial cells: Implication of tumor vascularization","volume":"12","author":"Pestell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2013.0517","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor and angiogenesis in the regulation of cutaneous wound repair","volume":"3","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2024.08.023","article-title":"Angiogenesis and full thickness wound repair in a cell sheet-based vascularized skin substitute","volume":"187","author":"Mauroux","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3608","DOI":"10.2174\/138161207782794176","article-title":"Type I collagen and collagen mimetics as angiogenesis promoting superpolymers","volume":"13","author":"Twardowski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2018.09.010","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies for enhancing angiogenesis in wound healing","volume":"146","author":"Veith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2016.12.001","article-title":"Angiogenesis in dermatology\u2014Insights of molecular mechanisms and latest developments","volume":"108","author":"Richarz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1002\/hlca.200790052","article-title":"The stereostructure of porphyra-334: An experimental and calculational NMR investigation. Evidence for an efficient \u2018proton sponge\u2019","volume":"90","author":"Klisch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Helv. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00315-3","article-title":"Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay","volume":"26","author":"Re","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."}],"container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/24\/3\/98\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T15:31:25Z","timestamp":1772724685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/24\/3\/98"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["md24030098"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md24030098","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-3397"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-3397","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]}}}