{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T17:54:22Z","timestamp":1790099662572,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Marine lectins function as pattern recognition receptors in innate immunity through carbohydrate-binding mechanisms. However, mechanistic evidence detailing intracellular signaling cascades (e.g., MAPK\/NF-\u03baB\/JAK-STAT activation linked to defined cytokine outputs) remains taxonomically uneven. Bivalve mollusks\u2014particularly the Mytilectin family\u2014represent the most extensively characterized group, whereas lectins from other marine phyla (echinoderms, cnidarians, fish, algae) have been studied primarily for structural and glycan-binding properties alongside phenotypic antimicrobial outcomes. Signaling-level resolution in native immune-cell contexts, while present in some cases, remains comparatively limited. This review synthesizes mechanistic insights dominated by bivalve-derived lectins, while integrating cross-taxa comparisons at evidence-supported levels. Specific bivalve lectins induce macrophage activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production through reactive oxygen species-dependent activation of key signaling pathways including MAPK, NF-\u03baB, and JAK-STAT cascades. These lectins exhibit context-dependent properties, promoting inflammatory responses in resting cells while inducing endotoxin tolerance in pre-activated macrophages through epigenetic reprogramming. Functional outcomes include broad-spectrum antiviral activity through viral envelope glycoprotein binding, anti-inflammatory effects in pain models, and cancer-associated immune responses through tumor glycan recognition and macrophage polarization. Critical gaps include uncharacterized effects on adaptive immunity, limited understanding of dendritic cell and natural killer cell interactions, and incomplete evaluation of cancer immunotherapy potential. Future research should prioritize mechanistic characterization of marine lectin-based immunotherapeutics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md24030102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T09:22:14Z","timestamp":1772788934000},"page":"102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Marine Lectins in Innate Immune Modulation: Mechanistic Insights, Signaling Pathways, and a Cross-Taxa Evidence Landscape"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Chang-Eui","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Smart Beautytech Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1942-3495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Su-Yun","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Smart Beautytech Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agostino, M., Yuriev, E., and Ramsland, P.A. 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