{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T14:22:09Z","timestamp":1789395729371,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key R&D Program","award":["2025CXPT116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025CXPT116"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["202441010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202441010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Taishan Scholar Project","award":["TSQN202408073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSQN202408073"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32371338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32371338"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin disease driven by immune dysregulation and epidermal barrier dysfunction. Current therapeutic options are often limited by safety concerns or suboptimal tolerability. In this study, we isolated and structurally characterized GRB-H\u2014a \u03bb-carrageenan-enriched sulfated hybrid galactan from the marine red alga Gigartina radula\u2014as a complex polysaccharide containing \u03ba-, \u03b9-, \u03bc-, \u03bd-, and \u03bb-carrageenan structural units, and systematically evaluated its anti-AD potential using both in vitro and in vivo models. In vitro, GRB-H significantly suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in RAW 264.7 macrophages, and reduced 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-evoked TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 expression in HaCaT keratinocytes. In a DNCB-induced murine model of AD, topical application of GRB-H markedly ameliorated skin inflammation, epidermal hyperplasia, and dermal immune cell infiltration. GRB-H treatment lowered total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, restored the imbalanced Th1\/Th2 cell ratio in the spleen, and downregulated the mRNA expression of key inflammatory cytokines\u2014including TNF-\u03b1, IL-4, IL-5, IL-31, and interferon-\u03b3 (IFN-\u03b3)\u2014in lesional skin. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that GRB-H alleviates AD symptoms through coordinated local anti-inflammatory and systemic immunomodulatory actions, highlighting its promise as a marine-derived candidate for the topical management of AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md24030119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T08:47:42Z","timestamp":1774255662000},"page":"119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A \u03bb-Carrageenan-Enriched Sulfated Galactan from Gigartina radula Attenuates Atopic Dermatitis via Coordinated Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Kexin","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Shandong Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotherapeutics, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Shandong Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotherapeutics, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zijing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Shandong Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotherapeutics, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China"},{"name":"Qingdao Key Laboratory of Respiratory Comorbidity Remodeling and Precision Prevention, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 260071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Shandong Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotherapeutics, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengcheng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Shandong Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotherapeutics, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Key Laboratory of Respiratory Comorbidity Remodeling and Precision Prevention, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 260071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youjing","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Shandong Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotherapeutics, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6372-9750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangli","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Shandong Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotherapeutics, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoyun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Shandong Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotherapeutics, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-64804-0_4","article-title":"Clinical Presentation of Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"1027","author":"Ahn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. 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