{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:35:45Z","timestamp":1785404145000,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006749","name":"Burapha University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YR2568\/03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YR2568\/03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006749","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["YR2568\/03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YR2568\/03"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01ff74m36","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study developed a microemulsion system based on diatomaceous earth (DE) for the topical delivery of resveratrol. The microemulsions were prepared using pseudo-ternary phase diagrams. A 4:1 ethanol:virgin coconut oil ratio resulted in a larger microemulsion region than a 3:1 ratio. Two formulations with oil (ethanol:virgin coconut oil, 3:1):Cremophor RH40:water ratios of 1:5:4 (ME1) and 2:5:3 (ME2) were selected for resveratrol loading and subsequently combined with DE at ratios of DE:microemulsion (DE:ME) 0.5:1, 0.5:2, and 0.5:3. The transmission electron microscopy images demonstrated the different microstructures of the microemulsions. Rheological analysis revealed an increase in storage modulus and a decrease in the linear viscoelastic region with increasing DE concentration, particularly in ME1. Differential scanning calorimetry showed disruption of boundary water following DE incorporation. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated primarily physical interactions between resveratrol and the DE:ME system. DE:ME demonstrated high resveratrol content, approaching 100%. DE:ME1 0.5:2 significantly enhanced resveratrol permeation, resulting in a 3-fold increase compared with the microemulsion alone after 8 h. DE:ME1 0.5:2 and DE:ME2 0.5:3 enhanced the photostability of resveratrol and the formulations remained stable after storage at 40 \u00b0C for 6 months. The DE:ME system maintained its cellular uptake capability, preserved the biological activity of resveratrol, and exhibited low cytotoxicity in human keratinocytes, with cell viability remaining above 70%. These results highlight the potential of DE-based systems for incorporating microemulsions of low-water soluble photo-sensitizing substances in topical drug delivery applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md24050156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:43:51Z","timestamp":1777448631000},"page":"156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diatomaceous Earth-Enabled Resveratrol Microemulsion for Enhanced Permeation and Stability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7568-7802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yotsanan","family":"Weerapol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6746-338X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suwisit","family":"Manmuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somnathtai","family":"Yammen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2971-7027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thiyapha","family":"Werayachankul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3360-5977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nattaya","family":"Chaothanaphat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sukannika","family":"Tubtimsri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-011-0404-y","article-title":"Microemulsion microstructure influences the skin delivery of an hydrophilic drug","volume":"28","author":"Naoui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharm. 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