{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T15:11:14Z","timestamp":1778857874266,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JT"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salt is essential for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and transmission of nerve impulses. However, excessive salt intake (especially NaCl) causes hypertension and neoplasms and is associated with neoplasms, including esophageal and gastric cancer. High concentrations of NaCl enhances intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, especially that of superoxide anions (O2\u2212), and induces injury to rat gastric mucosal cells (RGM1). In contrast, cells overexpressing manganese superoxide dismutase exhibit attenuated NaCl-induced cytotoxicity. Therefore, antioxidants can reduce the risk of salt-induced gastric mucosal injury. NaCl also affects the remodeling of the cytoskeleton and lamellipodia, and potentially modulates the cellular elastic modulus. In this study, we aimed to determine the possibility of cellular physiological changes by NaCl treatment and the effect of antioxidant laminaran in attenuating NaCl-derived cytotoxicity. Our in vitro assay revealed that laminaran attenuated NaCl-induced cytotoxicity and reduced intracellular ROS production caused by NaCl exposure. Laminaran upregulated antioxidant enzyme expression, suggesting that the observed reduction in ROS was mediated, at least in part, by the activation of these enzymes. Moreover, apoptosis derived from NaCl was inhibited by laminaran. NaCl also induced changes in lamellipodia formation; however, laminaran suppressed this formation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md24050179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T14:19:29Z","timestamp":1778854769000},"page":"179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Laminaran Attenuates NaCl-Induced Cytotoxicity via ROS Scavenging and Prevents Alteration of Cellular Elastic Modulus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Hiromi","family":"Kurokawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PhycoChemy Corporation, 4-19-1, Midorigahara, Tsukuba 300-2646, Ibaraki, Japan"},{"name":"Algae Biomass Energy System R&D Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Ibaraki, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Taninaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8573, Ibaraki, Japan"},{"name":"Takano Co., Ltd., Miyada-mura, Kamiina-gun, Nagano 399-4301, Nagano, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7659-5093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hirofumi","family":"Matsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Algae Biomass Energy System R&D Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Ibaraki, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9550-5148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hidemi","family":"Shigekawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8573, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yutaka","family":"Kuroki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delightex Pte. Ltd., 230 Victoria Street, #15-01 Bugis, Junction Towers, Singapore 188024, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Makoto M.","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhycoChemy Corporation, 4-19-1, Midorigahara, Tsukuba 300-2646, Ibaraki, Japan"},{"name":"Algae Biomass Energy System R&D Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2017 Diet Collaborators (2019). Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. 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